BX 6331 .H595
Hiscox, Edward Thurston,
1814-1901 .
The standard manual for
Bapt i st churches
XHE ; M '920
Standard Manual
for
Baptist Churches.
BY
EDWARD T. HISCOX, D. D.,
Author of "The Baptist t Short Method," "Star
Ministers," "The Star Book Series"
"Pastors' Manual," etc.
PHILADELPHIA :
AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY,
1701-1703 Chestnut Street.
ftatared. according to Act of Congress, in the year 1800, by tbi
American Baptist Publication Society,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at W&shingtoa.
Published June,
1903
CONTENTS.
CHAPTEB L
A Ch*i8Tiait Church, 11
CHAPTEB IL
Chukch Officers, » . 14
CHAPTEB IIL
Church Ordinances, It
CHAPTEB IV.
Church Membership, 23
CHAPTEB V,
Chukch Discipline, Tt
CHAPTEB VL
Case* of Appeal, ft
CHAPTEB VTL
Church Business, <Q
9
4 CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VIIL
Christian Doctrine. 66
CHAPTER IX.
Oftiokal Standing Resolutions, .... 77
CHAPTER X.
Baptism Considered, 80
CHAPTER XL
The Lord's Supper, 108
CHAPTER XIL
Ihtant Baptism, , 129
CHAPTER XIIL
Church Government, 140
CHAPTER XIV.
Church Officers, 148
CHAPTER XV.
Baptist History, . 1M
PREFACE.
It is now thirty years since the " Baptist
Church Directory " prepared by the writer,
was first published. That work was de-
signed to be somewhat of a consensus of
the opinions of those best able to judge in
matters of Baptist Church polity and usage,
especially as to what concerns administra-
tion and discipline. It might thus prove a
help to both pastors and members, particu-
larly in perplexing cases liable to arise,
Thus it was hoped it might help to rectify
the order and customs of our churches
through our widely extended ranks. This
hope has been realized. More than fifty
thousand copies of that book have been cir-
culated in this country. It has also been
translated, more or less fully, into six or
seven different languages by our mission-
aries, for use in our missions and foreign
fields,
!• »
8 PREPACK.
But many of the churches desired a
smaller and less expensive manual, which
they could put into the hands of all their
members. To meet this want, sixteen years
ago, the writer prepared the little "Star
Book on Baptist Church Polity," which
many churches have adopted, furnishing
their members and candidates for member-
ship with them freely. This has had a cir-
culation of over thirty thousand copies;
and both this and the " Directory " are in
as great demand as at any previous time.
It is something more than twenty years
since the " Baptist Short Method," by the
Bame author was published. The purpose
of this manual was to give a concise view
of those distinctive features which mark
the difference between Baptists and other
denominations, especially as to the ordi-
nances and church order ; and also to fur-
nish the proofs by which our position in
these respects is justified. About ten thou-
sand copies of this book have found their
way into circulation.
The preparation of the present manual
was undertaken at the request, and by an
arrangement with the pastor, R. S. Mac-
Arthur, D. D., on behalf of the Calvary
PREFACE. 7
Baptist Church, New York City, for the
gpecial use of that church. Something v?as
desired smaller than the " Directory," and
more ful! than the "Star Book/' embrac-
ing certain features of the " Short Method/'
When completed, it was thought to be, on
the whole, so much superior to anything
ever before prepared, as a manual for gen-
eral use in Baptist churches, that by mutual
consent, it was decided to have it published
for general circulation, rather than confine
it to the use of a single church.
To both ministers and members, such a
manual, it is hoped, will prove a valuable
helper in the interest of church order, and
of denominational unity and prosperity.
Especially for the younger members, so
many thousands of whom are yearly ad-
mitted to the fellowship of the churches,
with an unlimited franchise, while but im-
perfectly instructed as to either doctrines or
order, it should prove a most valuable assist-
ant. Concise and accurate in statement of
facts, transparent in arrangement of matters*
convenient in form, and cheap in cost,
pastors will find it to their own advantage,
as well as to that of their members, to see
that their churches are liberally supplied
8 PREFACE.
with copies. The pastor of one of oui
very largest and most prosperous churches,
for whose use its preparation was under-
taken, shows his estimate of its value, and
sets other pastors a wise and worthy exam-
ple, by ordering in advance of publication,
one thousand copies for his church.
May the divine blessing make this, as
other works have been made, a means of
furthering good order, spiritual vitality,
and efficient service for Christ, in the
churches for which it is designed.
Mount Vernon, N. T.,
January 84, 1890. S. T. H.
STANDARD MANUAL
FOR
BAPTIST CHURCHES.
CHAPTER I.
A CHRISTIAN CHTJKCH.
The word " church " is, in common lan-
guage, used with large latitude of meaning.
It is applied to a building used for Chris-
tian worship, to a congregation of Christian
worshipers, to a religious establishment, to
a given form of ecclesiastical order, to the
aggregate of all Christian believers, and to
a local company of Christian disciples asso-
ciated in covenant for religious purposes.
The latter is its common use in the New
Testament.
The Greek word ekklema, rendered
u church " is derived from a word meaning
9
10 BTAJTOARD MAOTAX
u called out," and is used to indicate a com-
pany called out from a larger and more gen-
eral assembly or concourse of people. In the
free Greek cities, it designated a company
of persons possessed of the rights of citizen-
ship, and charged with certain important
functions of administration in public affairs,
summoned, or called out, from the common
mass of the people. In the New Testa-
ment, the ekJdtxia is a company of persons
called out and separated from the common
multitude by a divine calling, chosen to be
saints, invested with the privileges, and
charged with the duties of citizenship in the
kingdom of Christ.
A Christian church, therefore, according
to the New Testament idea, is a company
of persons divinely called and separated
from the world, baptized on a profession of
their faith in Christ, united in covenant for
worship and Christian service, under the
supreme authority of Christ, whose word is
their only law and rule of life in all matterg
of religious faith and practice.
Some Christian denominations include all
their congregations in one comprehensive
Bociety, or ecclesiastical system, under some
central authority, which legislates for and
FOR BAPTIST CHUBOHES. 11
controls the whole. This comprehensive
society they call the church. Thus we
speak of the Roman Catholic Church, the
Episcopal Church, the Presbyterian Church
— where the word u church " stands for the
aggregate of all their local societies. With
Baptists it is different. They speak of
Baptist churches, but not of the Baptist
Church, when the .entire denomination is
meant. The Baptist Church would mean
some one local congregation of baptized
believers.
Thus was it in apostolic times. There
was " the church in Jerusalem," " the
church of the Thessalonians," " the church
of Babylon," " the church of the Laodi-
ceans " ; but " the churches of Macedonia,"
" the churches of Asia," " the churches of
Judea." A church, therefore, is not a
system of congregations confederated under
a general government, but a single local
congregation of Christian disciples asssoci-
ated in covenant and meeting together for
worship. In this sense the word is com-
monly, almost uniformly, used in the New
Testament.
Churches are divinely instituted to be
* the light of the world " and " the salt 01
12 STANDARD MANUAL,
the earth." They are ordained for the
glory of God, as " the ground and pillar of
the truth," in the proclamation of his gos-
pel and the establishment of his kingdom
in the world. They are commissioned to
preach the gospel to men, and to live the
gospel before men, that Christ may be
honored and sinners saved. They should,
therefore, be constantly striving to realize
the grand purpose of their existence and
fulfill the mission of their high calling.
That church which does the most to honor
Christ and save man will be the most
honored by him, and the most influential
and prosperous in all that pertains to the
true functions of a church. And since a
church, as a body, is what its individual
members are in their religious life and influ-
ence, therefore each member should strive
to become in holy living what he desires
the church to be.
Note 1.— A body of Christian disciples may fail So
meet some of the requirements of the gospels, and
still be a true church of Christ, providing it fulfills
the fundamental conditions of a Scriptural faith and
practice.
Notb 2. — But when a body ceases to acknowledge
and submit to Christ as its Supreme Ruler, and to
receive his word as its supreme law, then it ceases to
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. 13
be a true church, and is simply a religious society,
though it may still accept some of his doctrines and
practice some of his precepts.
Notb 3. — A church is not a legislative, but an
executive body. It cannot make laws, but only obey
and administer those which Christ has given in the
New Testament. He is the only Lawmaker in Zion.
Notb 4. — But in matters pertaining to order and
methods of administration, merely optional and dis-
cretionary, not Involving fundamental principles, the
church is to exercise its liberty, so long as it does not
contravene Scriptural teaching or infringe the rights
of its members.
Note 5. — And still further, while a church cannot
become an authoritative expounder of either truth or
duty, to bind the consciences even of its members,
yet it does possess a judicial function for the inter-
pretation and the enforcement of the laws of Christ
for itself as a body, and, therefore, for its members,
so far as their relation to the compact is concerned.
Notb 6.— Each church owes courtesy and comity,
fellowship and fraternity, to all others ; but it owe*
subjection and allegiance to none, and is under au-
thority to Christ alone.
Notb 7. — In matters of business and in the exercise
of its authority in administration, the will of the
church is expressed by a majority vote of its mem-
bers. But the nearer that majority approaches to
unanimity, the more satisfactory and emphatic are
its decisions.
Notb 3. — Councils may be called, presbyteries con-
vened, or committees of reference chosen for advice
in cases of moment, but they are all advisory only,
and in no case authoritative. There is no higher,
and no other eourt of appeal in ecclesiastical affairs,
than the individual church.
14 fTAJTDARD MANUAL
CHAPTER II.
CHURCH OFFICERS. 1
The Scriptural officers of a church are
bishops and deacons. Bishops are in the
New Testament also called "presbyters,"
" elders," and "overseers." Their duties
and services have mainly reference to
the spiritual interests of the body, though
they properly have the oversight of all its
concerns. The deacons have principal
charge of the temporalities of the church,
so as to relieve the pastor in that depart-
ment of labor. They are, however, to be
counselors and helpers of the pastor in all
departments of his work. The qualifica-
tions for both offices are set forth in the
Epistles to Timothy and Titus.
Notb 1. — Pastors and deacons, as teachers and
leaders of the flock, cannot be selected for and Im-
posed upon the churches by any external authority
whatever, either civic or religious ; but are elected
i This and sereral of the following section* are c onsistent
with the M Star Book on Baptist Church Polity," on the same
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHES. 15
and chosen by the free suffrages of the members,
without compulsion or restraint, from among them-
selves, or those who are to become identified with
them in fellowship.
Note 2. — In the election of either a paster ox
deacon, notice cf such election should be given from
the pulpit for at least two Sundays preceding the
time for the same. The election should be by ballot,
and at least three-qtutrter$ of the votes cast should be
necessary for the election of a pastor, and ttoo-thirds
for the election of a deacon. Such election should
be preceded by prayer for divine direction, and con-
ducted without partisan devices or personal strife.
Note 8. — Both pastors and deacons are properly
elected for unlimited terms of service, the relation to
continue so long as there shall be mutual satisfaction.
Such a course tends less to depreciate and make
aervile the officers and their duties in the estimation
of the people, and of those who bear them, than a
limited and specified time, though deacons are some-
times, and perhaps properly, chosen for a limited term
of service, subject to re-election, at the option of the
ehurch.
Note 4. — The church is to fix on the amount of
•alary necessary to a generous support of the pastor
and hold itself obligated by every consideration of
Christian honor for the prompt and regular payment
of the same. To fail in this is as dishonorable to the
ehurch as it is unjust and vexatious to the pastor.
Note 5.— The call to a pastor issues from the
thureh as a body, which also designates the amount
of salary to be paid. It is in some sections usual,
though not essential, to have subsequently a meeting
of the entire congregation or society to approve or
confirm the call. In some States it is neccessary for
the trustees, as the legal representatives of the cor-
poration, to confirm the action officially, so far as the
salary is concerned, before it can become legal.
16 STANDARD MANUAL
Note 6. — The number of deacons is optional with
the church. It la usually from three to seven. Let it
be so many as the church needs and can find suitable
candidates for the supply. But they should never be
elected simply to fill the office, and never unless there
be persons whose fitness for the office is generally
conceded.
Note 7. — The relations between pastor and the
church may be dissolved at the option of either^ bj
giving three months notice ; or otherwise, by mutua)
consent. Between the deacons and the church, the
relations may be dissolved at the option of eithe*
without previous notice.
Note 8. — A church clerk is elected annually, at a
business meeting, by a majority vote. It is an office
of convenience, for keeping the minutes and preserv-
ing the records of the body. Also trustees are elected
by the church, or if the law so requires, by a society.
Thefr duties are the care of the property and the
management of finances. But these are not consid-
ered 8criptural church officers ; deacons might prop-
erly discharge all the functions of these offices, i
Note 9. — The offices of trust and service in a
* In uome State* the laws do not recognize the church, that
being a spiritual body, but incorporate a society, as it la called,
eon elating of all parsons of foil age who attend and support
the worship. This society has charge of the financial affairs
of the church, hold and keep in repair its property, and con-
duct its secular concerns. It elects a specified number of
trustees, as provided for bylaw, who are the legal represents-
tires of the corporation. The members of the society, and the
trustees elected, may or may not be members of the church.
This whole society arrangement ia a relict of the old New
England pariah system of the standing order, and is incon-
sistent with the freedom of ohurch action, and antagonistic to
Baptist Church independence. It is anti-Baptistic and anti-
Scriptural, a church should be allowed to manage its own
affairs, both temporal and spiritual : and should be protected
few law in doing so. The society system has been abrogated i»
■tost of the States.
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHES. 17
ehurch should be as widely distributed among the
members as possible, consistently with the welfare of
the body. This rule should seldom be disregarded.
No one man should hold more than one office at the
same time, unless the interests of the body absolutely
demand it. If offices are honors, they should be
widely dispensed ; if they are burdens, they certainly
should be. For the same man to hold two or three
>mces is as unjust to him as it is to his brethren.
Notb 10. — A church cannot unite in any corporate
capacity with other organizations for religious, be-
aevolent, moral reform, or other purposes ; but it may
Operate with these for any good object, and give to
such societies its moral support, sympathy, and pe-
cuniary aid.
Note 11. — But members of churchee can, aa Indi-
viduals, unite with outside organizations, for any
purpose, not inconsistent with their profession as
Christians, and not injurious to their church rela-
tions and duties.
Not* 12. — Churches cannot alienate their respon-
sibilities, nor delegate their authority to any man, or
to any body of men, to act officially for them. But
they can appoint persons to bear messages, and te
perform services for them, under instruction, and t»
report their action to the body.
18 STAND ABD MANUAL
CHAPTER III.
CHURCH ORDINANCES.
Christian ordinances, in the largest sense,
are any institutions, or regulations of divine
appointment, established as means of grace
for the good of men, or as acts of worship
for the honor of God. In that sense, not
only are baptism and the Lord's Supper
ordinances, but preaching, prayer, hearing
the word, fasting, and thanksgiving are also
ordinances, since all are of divine appoint-
ment. But, in a narrower sense, it is com-
mon to say that baptism and the Lord 1 8 Sup-
per are the only ordinances appointed by
Christ to be observed by his churches.
These are the only emblematic and com-
memorative rites enjoined upon his disciples,
by which they are to be distinguished, and
he is to be honored. They are the two
symbols and witnesses of the New Cove-
nant, the two monuments of the New Dis-
pensation.
FOR BAPTIST CHTJBCHE8. 19
Baptism is the immersion, or dipping, of
a candidate in water, on a profession of his
faith in Christ and on evidence of regenera-
tion ; the baptism to be ministered in, or
into the name of the Father, the Son, and
Holy Spirit. It represents the burial and
resurrection of Christ, and in a figure de-
clares the candidate's death to sin and the
world, and his rising to a new life. It also
proclaims the washing of regeneration, and
professes the candidate's hope of a resurrec-
tion from the dead, through him into the
likeness of whose death he is buried in bap-
tism.
The Lord's Supper is a provision of bread
and wine, used to represent the body and
the blood of Christ, partaken of by mem-
bers of the church assembled for that pur-
pose ; in which service they commemorate
the love of Christ exhibited in his death for
them, and profess their faith and participa-
tion in the merits of his sacrifice as the only
ground of their hope of eternal life.
Notb 1.— No person can rightfully or properly be-
come & church member except he be first baptized, as
the distinguishing mark and profession of his disci*
pleship.
Notx 2. — The Supper is a church ordinance, and
therefore is the privilege of church members only.
W 8TANDARD MANUAL
Therefore, also, since baptism precedes church mem-
bership, it must precede and be pre-requisite to the
Lord's Supper.
Note 3. — Since the Supper is distinctively a church
ordinance, it is to be observed by churches only, and
not by individuals ; neither in private places, nor in
sick rooms, nor on social occasions, and not by com-
panies of disciples other than churches. But a church
may by appointment, and in its official capacity, meet
in a private house, a sick room, or wherever it may
elect, and there observe the Supper.
Notk 4.— Both ordinances are ordinarily and prop-
erly administered by ordained and accredited minis-
ters ; but both would be equally valid if administered
by unordained persons, should occasion require and
the church so direct. As to the qualifications of the
administrator, the New Testament is silent, except
that he should be a disciple.
Note 5. — As to the time, place, and frequency of
the ordinances, no Scriptural directions are given.
These are left optional with the churches. They are
usually observed on Sundays, but not necessarily.
As to the Supper, our churches have very generally
come to observe it on the first Sunday of each month.
Notk 6. — The participation of the elements in the
Supper should be done according to the special direc-
tion of Christ, the Head of the body. u This do in
remembrance of m«." It it not, therefore, a test or
token of Christian fellowship, except incidentally.
All thought and sympathy in the service should be
centered on him who is " the living bread," and not
axed on others.
Note 7. — The ordinances are not tacramenU, as
taught by some, conveying effectual grace to the soul
and Imparting spiritual life. But as divinely ap-
pointed means of grace, their importance must no*
be undervalued. They cannot be neglected without
suffering serious harm and incurring the grave*t re-
sponsibility.
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. 21
Notb 6. — Baptism Is not essential to salvation, fer
oar churches utterly repudiate the dogma of " bap-
tismal regeneration ''" ; but it is essential to obedience,
since Christ has commanded it. It is also essential to
a public confession of Christ before the world, and to
membership in the church which is his body. And na
true lover of his Lord will refuse these acts of obedi
anee and tokens of affection
STANDARD MANUAL
CHAPTER IV.
CHURCH MEMBERSHIP.
It is most likely that in the Apostolic ag«
when there was but " one Lord, one faith,
and one baptism," and no differing denomi-
nations existed, the baptism of a convert
by that very act, constituted him a member
of the church, and at once endowed him
with all the rights and privileges of full
membership. In that sense, " baptism was
the door into the church." Now, it is
different ; and while the churches are desir-
ous of receiving members, they are wary
and cautious that they do not receive
unworthy persons. The churches therefore
have candidates come before them, make
their statement, give their " experience,"
and then their reception is decided by a
vote of the members. And while they can-
not become members without baptism, yet
it is the vote of the body which admits
them to its fellowship on receiving baptism.
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. 28
There are three classes of candidates, and
modes of reception to membership.
1. By baptism. — The church having lis-
tened to the religious experience of the
candidate, and being satisfied with the same,
and with his Christian deportment, votes to
receive him to its fellowship, "on being
baptized."
2. By letter. — The candidate presents a
letter of dismission and recommendation
from some other Baptist church with which
he has been connected, for the purpose ot
transferring his membership to this. The
church, being satisfied, votes to receive him
into fellowship.
3. By experience. — Persons having been
baptized, but for some reason being with-
out membership in any church, wish to be
received. They, giving satisfactory evi-
dence of Christian character, and substan-
tial agreement in matters of faith and prac-
tice, are received by vote, as in other cases,
Notb 1. — Persons cannot be received to member-
ship on the credit of letters from other denominations.
8uch letters are, however, accepted, as certificates of
Christian character, and of church standing.
Notb 2.— -While the churches do not require candi-
dates to sign any creed, confesaion, or articles of
faith, yet they do expect a substantial agreement la
34 STANDARD MANUAL
matters of faith and practice on their part as essential
both to the comfort of the individual, and the har-
mony of the body.
Notb S. — Should any member object to the recep-
tion of a candidate, tuch reception should be deferred,
in order to consider the reasons for the objection.
Objections judged groundless or unreasonable should
not prevent the reception of a suitable candidate ; yet
no one should be received except by a unanimous or
nearly unanimous vote.
Notb 4. It is customary for candidates, after their
experience or letters have been presented, to retirs
while the church deliberates and acts upon their case.
Notb 5. — Any member in good standing, is entitled,
at any time, to a letter of dismission, in the usual
form, with which to unite with another church of the
same faith and order.
Notb 6. — Letters are usually made valid for six
month* only, during which time they must be used, if
used at all. But if held longer, they may be renewed
by the church, if satisfactory reasons are given for
their non-nse.
Notb 7.— Each one receiving a letter is still a mem-
ber of the church, and under its watcbcare and dis-
cipline, until his letter is actually received by another
chsurch.
Notb 8. — Letters cannot be given to members for
the purpose of uniting with churches with which we
are net in fellowship. But any member is entitled,
at any time, to receive a certificate of standing, and
Christian character.
Not* 9. — No member can withdraw from the church,
or have his name dropped, or at his own request be
mcludcd from the fellowship of the body without due
process of discipline.
Notb 10. — Nor can a member have a letter voted
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES, 2ft
and forced upon him without hi» wish and consent
Such would be a virtual expulsion from the body. If
worthy to receive a letter, he cannot be forced out of
the church against his will.
Notb 11. — Members living remote from the church
are expected to unite with some Baptist church near
their residence ; or give satisfactory reasons for not
doing so. When they cannot so unite, they are ex-
pected to report themselves to the church at least
once each year, and contribute to its support, till they
cease to be members.
Notb 12. — Letters of dismission may be revoked
at any time before being used, if, in the judgment of
the church, there be sufficient cause for such action,
Notb 13.— Church fellowship will be withdrawn
from members who unite with other denominations ;
because, however excellent their character, or sincere
their intentions, they have broken covenant with the
church, and by such act have placed themselvea
beyond the limits of its fellowship.
Notb 14. — Persons excluded from other churches
are not to be received to membership, except after the
most careful investigation of all the facts in the case,
and not unless it be manifest that the exclusion w«
unjustifiable, and that the church excluding persist-
ently refuses to do justice to the excluded member.
Notb 15.— A letter is usually asked for and
addressed to a particular church. This is proper,
but not always necessary. It may in certain cases be
asked for, and given " to any church of the same
faith and order/' Or if directed to one, it may be
presented to, and received by another.
Notb 16.— It is expected that all pecuniary liability
to the church will be canceled, and all personal diffi-
culties in the church will be settled by a member,
should such exist, before he shall receive a letter «
dismission.
26 STANDARD MANUAL
Notb 17. — Each member, without exception, it ex-
pected to fill Ma place in the church, by attendance
on its appointments, as Providence may allow, and
also to contribute of his means for the pecuniary
support of the body, according to his ability. If in
either of these respects he fails, and refuses, he be-
comes a covenant-breaker, and is subject to the disci-
pline of the body.
Notb 18. — Persons excluded from the church may
oe again received to its fellowship on satisfactory
evidence of fitness. This is called reception by resto-
ration, and is usually so entered on the records, and
In associational reports.
Notb 19. — It is neither a Christian nor an honor-
able course for a church to grant an unworthy mem-
ber a valid letter, and send him to another church as
one in good and regular standing, in order to be rid
of a disturber of the peace, or to avoid the trouble of
a course of discipline.
Notb 20. — No church is obliged to receive a person
to membership, simply because he brings a valid
letter from another church. Each church Is to be
sole judge of the qualifications of persons to be
received to its fellowship.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 27
CHAPTER V.
CHURCH DISCIPLINE.
Church members are supposed to be re-
generate persons bearing the image and
cherishing the spirit of Christ, in whom the
peace of God rules, and who walk and
work in " the unity of the Spirit, and the
bond of peace." But unhappily, even the
saints are sanctified only in part, and
troubles sometimes arise among brethren.
The evil passions of even good men may
triumph over piety, and partisan strife may
destroy the peace and the prosperity of the
body of Christ. All this should, if possi-
ble, be avoided. Corrective discipline seeks
to heal offenses ; but it is better to prevent
them, than to heal them. It is, however,
better to heal and remove, than to endure
them.
Now these offenses and occasions of dis-
sension in the churches arise from various
causes, and are largely preventable. Most
ZO STANDARD MANUAL
frequently they come by the following
means:
1. Because of the too suspicious and
sensitive disposition of some who imagine
themselves wronged, neglected, or in some
way injured ; the matter being chiefly imagi-
nary, and without any real foundation in
fact.
2. Because the pastor, deacons, and in-
fluential members do not carefully and con-
stantly enough watch the beginnings of
strife, and rectify the evil before it becomes
serious.
3. Because evil-doers by delay become
more persistent in evil, while others are
drawn into the strife, and contentious parties
insensibly are formed, which tend to divide
the church into hostile factions.
4. Because that when the difficulty be-
comes chronic and deep-seated, the church
is likely to undertake the discipline with
judicial severity, and not in the spirit of
meekness, in which the spiritual should re-
store the erring.
5. Because that a case of discipline un-
dertaken under excitement is almost certain
to be wrongly conducted. Even if the result
reached be just and right, the method by
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHEB. 29
which it is reached is likely to be unwise,
unjust, and oppressive to individuals, pos-
sibly producing more serious and more last-
ing evils than it ha3 removed.
Offenses calling for discipline are usually
considered as of two classes ; private or per-
sonal, and public or general. These terms
do not very accurately express the nature of
the offenses, but they are in common use,
and capable of being understood. In the
administration of corrective discipline y the
following rules and principles constitute a
correct and Scriptural course of proceeding.
PBIVATE OFFENSES.
Private offenses pertain to personal diffi-
culties between individuals, having no direct
reference to the church as a body, and not
involving the Christian profession at large.
In such cases, the course prescribed by our
Saviour (Matt. 18 : 15-17) is to be strictly
followed, without question or deviation.
1. First step. — The member who con-
siders himself injured must go to the
offender, tell him his grief, and between
themselves alone, if possible, adjust and
settle the difficulty. " If thy brother shall
trespass against thee, go and tell him his
8*
90 STANDARD MANUAL
fault, between thee and him alone." Thie
most be done, not to charge, upbraid-, or
condemn the offender, but to win him. " If
he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy
brother."
2. Second step. — If this shall fail, then
the offended member must take one 01 two
of the brethren with him as witnesses, seek
an interview with the offender, and, if pos-
sible, by their united wisdom and piety,
remove the offense and harmonize the dif-
ficulty , " But if he will not hear thee, then
take with thee one or two more, that in the
mouth of two or three witnesses, every word
may be established."
3. Tldrd step. — If this step should prove
unavailing, then the offended member must
tell the whole matter to the churchy and
leave it in their hands to be disposed of, as
to them may seem wisest and best. " And
if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it to
the church." He has done his duty and
must abide by the decision of the body
which assumes this responsibility.
4. The result. — If this course of kindly
Christian labor proves finally ineffectual,
and the offender shows himself incorrigible,
excision must follow. He must be cut off
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. 81
from fellowship in the church whose cove-
nant he has broken, and whose authority
he disregards. "And if he neglect to hear
the church, let hira be unto thee as an
heathen man, and a publican." However
painful the act, the church must be faithful
to its duty, and to its God.
Note 1. — While this divine rale makes it obliga-
tory on the offended member to go to the offender and
seek a reconciliation, yet much more is it obligatory
on the offender who knows that a brother is grieved
with him, to seek such an one, and try to remove the
difficulty.
Note 2.— The matter is not to be made public until
these three steps have been fully taken, and have
failed ; and then to be made public only by telling
the church, and no others.
Note 8. — When the case comes before the church,
tt must not be neglected, nor dropped, but judiciously
pursued until the difficulty be adjusted, the offense
removed, or else the offender be disfellowshipped, and
put away.
PUBLIC OFFENSES.
Publio offenses are not against any one
person more than another, but are such as
are supposed to be a dishonor to the church
of which the offender is a member, and a
reproach to the Christian profession. They
constitute a violation of the code of Chris-
tian morals, if not of our common worldly
morals.
32 STANDARD MANUAL
The more common causes of this class of
offenses are the following : False doctrine
(Gal. 1 : 9 ; 2 John 10), disregard of au-
thority (Matt. 18:17; 1 Thess. 6 : 14), con-
tention und strife (Rom. 16 : 17), immoral
conduct (1 Cor. 5 : 11), disorderly walk
(2 Thess. 3 : 6, 9), covetous spirit (Eph. 5 :
5 ; 1 Cor. 5:11), arrogant conduct (3 John
9), going to law (1 Cor. 6 : 6).
The following constitutes a proper and
Scriptural course of treatment for such
1. The first member who has knowledge
of the offense should, as in the case of pri-
vate offenses, seek the offender, ascertain the
facts, and attempt to reconcile or remove
the difficulty. Not till he has done this
should he make it public, or bring it before
the church.
2. But if no one will, or can, pursue this
course of personal effort, or if such a course
proves unsuccessful, then any member hav-
ing knowledge of the facts should confer
with the pastor and deacons as to the best
course to Be pursued.
3. The pastor and deacons should, by the
best method they are capable of devising,
labor to adjust the matter without bringing
FOB BAPTIST OHUBCHBS. II
it into the church, or otherwise making it
public.
4. But if their efforts fail, or if the cast
be already public, aud a reproach and scan-
dal to religion, then they should bring it to
the church, and it should direct a proper
course of discipline.
5. The church, thus having the case be-
fore it, should either appoint a committee
to visit the offender, or cite him before the
body to answer the charge. He should be
allowed to hear the evidence against him,
know the witnesses, and be permitted to an-
swer for himself.
6. If the accused disproves the charges,
or if he confesses the wrong, makes suitable
acknowledgment, and, so far as possible,
reparation, with promise of amendment, in
all ordinary cases, this should be deemed
satisfactory, and the case be dismissed.
7. But if, after patient, deliberate, and
prayerful labor, all efforts fail to reclaim
the offender, then, however painful the ne-
cessity, the church must withdraw its fel-
lowship from him, and put him away from
them.
8. If the case be one of flagrant immor-
ality, by which the reputation of th* % ^\dy
84 STANDARD MANUAL
if compromised and the Christian name
■candalized, on being proven or confessed,
the hand of fellowship may be at once with-
drawn from the offender, notwithstanding
any confessions and promises of amend-
ment j but not without a trial.
The church's good name and the honor
of religion demand this testimony against
evil. He may be subsequently restored, if
suitably penitent.
Notk. 1. — All discipline should be conducted in the
spirit of Christian meekness and love, with a desire
to remove offenses and win offenders. It must also he
done under a deep sense of responsibility to maintain
the honor of Christ's name, the purity of his church,
and the integrity of his truth.
Notk 2. — If any member shall persist in bringing a
private grievance before the church, or otherwiae
make it public, before he has pursued the course pre-
scribed in the eighteenth chapter of Matthew, he
becomes himself an offender, and subject to the disci-
pline of the body.
Not* 3. — When private difficulties exist among
members, which they cannot, or will not settle, the
church should consider them as public offenses, and
aa such dispose of them, rather than suffer the per-
petual Injury which they inflict.
Notb 4. — When a member refers to the church
any private difficulty, which he has been unable to
settle, he must submit it wholly to the disposition of
the body, and abide by its decision. If he attempt!
to revive and prosecute it beyond the decision of the
FOR BAPTIST OHUBCHS& 35
church, he becomes an offender, and subject to disci-
Not i 5. — Any member tried bj the church has the
right to receive copies of all charges against him. the
names of his accusers and the witnesses, both of wnom
he shall hare the privilege of meeting face to face,
hearing their statements, bringing witnesses on his
side, and answering for himself before the body.
Notb 6.— Every member, on trial or excluded, shall
have furnished, at his request, authentic copies of all
proceedings had by the church in his case, officially
certified.
Notb 7. — No member under discipline can have the
right to bring any person, not a member, before the
church as his advocate, except by consent of the
body.
Notb 6. — In every case of exclusion, the charges
against the member, and the reasons for his exclu-
sion, should be accurately entered on the records of
the church.
Notb 9. — If at any time it shall become apparent,
or seem probable to the church that it has for any
reason dealt unjustly with a member, or excluded hiss
without sufficient cause, it should at once, and with-
out request, by concession and restoration, so far as
possible, repair the Injury it has done him.
Notb 10. — The church should hold itself bound to
restore to its fellowship an excluded member when-
ever he gives satisfactory evidence of repentance arid
reformation consistent with godliness.
Notb 11. — The church will exercise its legitimate
authority, and vindicate its honor and rectitude is
the administration of discipline, even though the
member should regard such discipline as unjust •?
oppressive.
86 STANDARD MAJTUAL
Koth IS.— Nothing can bo considered a just and
reasonable cause for discipline, except what is for-
bidden by the letter or the spirit of Scripture. And
nothing can be considered a sufficient cause for dls-
fellowship and exclusion, except what Is clearly con-
trary to Scripture, and what would have prevented
the reception of the person into the church, had it
been known to exist at the time of his reception.
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCH]
CHAPTER VI.
CASES OF APPEAL.
Cases of difficulty and discipline do
sometimes occur, go aggravated in their na-
ture or so complicated in their treatment that
it is found impossible to make a satisfactory
settlement by ordinary methods ; especially
so if discipline has ended in exclusion. The
excluded member will be almost sure to
think he has been dealt with unjustly, and
will wish for some redress ; and if the case
has been of long standing and much com-
plicated, he will be equally sure to have
others sympathize with him and condemn
the action of the church. Now, although
the presumption is that the church has done
right, and is justified in its action, the pos-
t&Uity is that the church has done wrong,
and is censurable for its action.
What can be done in such a case ?
Wow 1.— On the New Testament theory of chorea
ffoyernment, the action of the indlridual local church
4
S3 STANDARD MANUAL
U final. There is no power, either civil or ecclesiaa-
tlcal, that can reverse its decision or punish it for
wrongdoing. It may make mistakes, but no human
tribunal has authority to compel it to confess or cor-
rect them.
*
Notb 2. — Councils, if appealed to for redress, have
no authority ; they are simply, always, and everywhere
sdvuory — that, and nothing more. They can express
an opinion, and give advice ; but they have no au-
thority to issue decrees, and would have no power to
enforce them if they should. 1
Notb 3. — Any person who believes himself wronged
by church action has the inalienable right to appeal
to the church for a new hearing, and, failing in this,
to ask the counsel and advice ox brethren, should he
see fit to do so.
Now observe — If an excluded member
believes himself unjustly dealt by, and
wishes redress, the following is the proper
course for him to pursue :
1. Apply to the church which excluded,
and ask a re-hearing. State to them the
grounds of his complaint and the evidence
on which he thinks he can satisfy them, if
a fair opportunity for being heard be given
him.
2. If they refuse him a re-hearing, let
him appeal to them to unite with him in
calling a mutual council, before which the
1 For t more oomprehensire disouision of council*— what the*
aan, *nd what they oannot do, how to call. and how to cm
eo th« " Star Book on Baptist Council*."
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHE8. 89
irhoie case shall be placed, all parties to
abide by its decision.
3. If a mutual council be declined by
the church, he would be fully justified,
should he feel so inclined, in calling an ex
parte council, before which he should place
the facts and seek its advice.
4. Or, instead of calling an ex parte coun-
cil, he could apply to some other church to
be received to its fellowship, on the ground
that he had been unjustly excluded. Should
he be received to another church, that would
give him church standing and fellowship
again, and vindicate him so far as any eccle-
siastical action could vindicate him.
6. If all these resorts fail, there is noth-
ing left but for him to wait patiently and
bear the burden of his wrong until Provi-
dence opens the way for his deliverance.
He may, after all, conclude that he himself
was more in fault than he at first supposed,
and the church less so.
Not a 4.— An ex parte council should not be called
In su;h a case of difficulty until all efforts hare failed
to eecure a mutual council ; as such a council, It
called, would probably do nothing more than advise
a mutual council and adjourn.
Notb 5.— Any church can well afford to grant a
re-hearing to an excluded member. It would be Uj
40 STANDARD MANUAL
the Interest of peace, justice, and reconciliation. If
the church be right, It can afford to be generous.
Not» ft. — Any church hag the right to receive a
member excluded from another church, since each
ehurch is sole judge of the qualification of persons
received to Its fellowship. But any church so ap-
pealed to would use great caution, and, with due
regard to its own peace and purity, ascertain all the
facts in the case before taking such action.
Not* 7. — If a mutual council be called, one-half
the messengers and members are to be chosen by the
ihurch and one-half by the aggrieved party ; but the
letter* miisiw calling the council are to be sent out by
end in the name of the church, and not of the ag-
grieved party. But these facts, as to the mutual call,
we to be stated in the letters.
Nots 8. — A church excluding a member has no
just cause of complaint against another church for
receiving such an excluded member, since the one
ihurch is just as independent to receive one whom it
ludges worthy of fellowship, as the other is to exclude
one whom it judged unworthy of fellowship.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 41
CHAPTER VII.
CHURCH BUSINESS.
The business meetings of a church should
be conducted as much as possible in the
spirit of devotion, and under a sense of the
propriety and sanctity which attaches to all
the interests of the kingdom of Christ.
Meetings for business should not be need-
lessly multiplied, nor should they be un«
wisely neglected. It may not be wise to
insist too rigidly on the observance of par-
liamentary rules, yet it is still worse to drift
into a loose unbusinesslike way, which
wastes time, accomplishes little, and doe*
wrongly much that is done.
ORDER OF BUSINESS.
1. The meetings to be opened with read-
ing the Scriptures, singing, and prayer.
2. The reading, correction, and approval
o£ the minutes of the preceding meeting.
3. Unfinished business, or such as the
4*
42 STANDARD MANUAX
minutes present, including reports of oom-
mittee taken in order.
4. New business will next be taken up.
Any member may call up new business.
But important matters should not be pre-
1 sented, except on previous consultation with
the pastor and deacons.
Notb 1. — The pastor is, by virtue of his office, mod-
erator of all church business meetings. If he be not
present, or do not wish to serve, any one may be
elected to take the place.
Notb 2. — All business meetings, both regular and
special, should be announced from the pulpit one
Sunday, at least, before they are held.
Notb 8. — Special meetings for business may be
called at any time, by consent of the pastor and dea
cons, or by such other methods as the church itself
may direct.
Notb 4.— Though a majority usually decides ques-
tions, yet in all matters of special importance a unan-
imous, or nearly unanimous, vote should be secured.
Notb 5.— Members may be received, and letters of
dismission granted, either at the business church
meeting, the covenant meeting, or the regular weekly
prayer meeting, the church so directing. Some fixed
method should be observed.
Notb 0.— Candidates for admission to membership
will be expected to retire from the meeting when
action is taken on their reception. .
Notb 7. — No persons, except members, will be presv
•nt during the transaction of church business* If
present, tcey may be asked to retire.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 48
Not* 8.— Although the church should endeavor to
do nothing' which Its members will be ashamed or
afraid to hare known by others, yet every member is
bound, by the honor of a Christian, not to publish
abroad, nor disclose to those without, the private
affairs and business transactions of the body.
RULES OF ORDER.
The following constitute the generally
accepted rules of order for churches and
other deliberative bodies in business pro-
ceedings :
Motions.
1. All business shall be presented by a
motion, made by one member, and seconded
by another, and presented in writing by the
mover, if so required.
2. No discussion can properly be had
until the motion is made, seconded, and
stated by the chairman.
3. A motion cannot be withdrawn after
it has been discussed, except by the unani-
mous consent of the body.
4. A motion having been discussed, must
be put to vote, unless withdrawn, laid on
the table, referred, or postponed.
5. A motion lost should not be recorded,
except so ordered by the body at the time.
6. A motion lost cannot be renewed at the
lame meeting, except by unanimous consent.
44 STANDARD MANUAL
7. A motion should contain but one dis-
tinct proposition. If it contains more, it
must be divided at the request of any mem-
ber, and the propositions acted on sepa-
rately.
8. Only one question can properly be be-
fore the meeting at the same time. No sec-
ond motion can be allowed to interrupt
one already under debate, except a motion
to amend, to substitute, to commit, to post-
pone, to lay on the table, for the previous
question, or to adjourn.
9. These subsidiary motions just named
cannot be interrupted by any other motion ;
nor can any other motion be applied to
them, except that to amend, which may be
done by specifying some time, place, or pur-
pose.
10. Nor can these motions interrupt or
supersede each other ,' only that a motion to
adjourn is always in order, except while a
member has the floor, or a question is being
taken, and in some bodies even then.
Amendments.
1. Amendments may be made to resolu-
tions in three ways : By omitting, by adding,
or by substituting words or sentence*.
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHES. 40
2. An amendment to an amendment maj
be made, but is seldom necessary, and should
be avoided.
3. No amendment should be made which
essentially changes the meaning or deiiigD
of the original resolution.
4. But a substitute may be offered, which
may change entirely the meaning of the res-
olution under debate.
6. The amendment must first be discussed
and acted on, and then the original resolu-
tion as amended.
Speaking.
1. Any member desiring to speak on a
question should rise in his place, and address
the moderator, confine his remarks to the
question, and avoid all unkind and disre-
spectful language.
2. A speaker using improper language,
introducing improper subjects, or otherwise
out of order, should be called to order by
the chairman, or any member, and must
either conform to the regulations of the
body, or take his seat.
3. A member while speaking can allow
others to ask questions, or make explana-
40 STANDARD MANUAL
tions ; but if he yields the floor to another,
he cannot claim it again as his right.
4. If two members rise to speak at the
same time, preference is usually given to
the one farthest from the chair, or to the
one opposing the question under discussion.
5, The fact that a person has several
times arisen, and attempted to get the floor,
gives him no claim or right to be heard.
Nor does a call for the question deprive a
member of his right to speak.
Voting.
1. A question is put to vote by the chair-
man having first distinctly re-stated it, that
all may vote intelligently. First, the af-
firmative, then the negative is called ; each
so deliberately as to give all an opportunity
of voting. He then distinctly announces
whether the motion is carried, or lost
2. Voting is usually done by " aye " and
" no," or by raising the hand. In a doubt-
ful case by standing and being counted.
On certain questions by ballot.
3. If the vote, as announced by the
chairman, is doubted, it is called again,
usually by standing to be counted.
4. All members should vote, unless for
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHE8. 47
reasons excused ; or unless under dis-
cipline, in which case they should take no
part in the business.
5. The moderator does not usually vote,
except the question be taken by ballot ; but
when the meeting is equally divided, he is
expected, but is not obliged to give the
casting vote.
6. When the vote is to be taken by
ballot, the chairman appoints tellers, to dis-
tribute, collect, and count the ballots.
Committees.
1. Committees are nominated by the
chairman, if so directed by the body, or by
any member; and the nomination is con-
firmed by a vote of the body. More com-
monly the body directs that all committees
shall be appointed by the chairman, in
which case no vote is needed to confirm.
2. Any matter of business, or subject
under debate, may be referred to a com-
mittee, with or without instructions. The
committee make their report, which is the
result of their deliberations. The body
then takes action on the report, and on
any recommendations it may contain.
3. The report of a committee is accepted
48 STANDARD MANUAL
by a vote, which acknowledges their services,
and takes the report before the body for its
action. Afterward, any distinct recom-
mendation contained in the report is acted
on, and may be adopted or rejected.
4. Frequently, however, when the recom-
mendations of the committee are of a
trifling moment or likely to be generally
acceptable, the report is accepted and adopted
by the same vote.
5. A report may be recommitted to the
committee, with or without instructions ; or
that committee discharged, and the matter
referred to a new one, for further considera-
tion, so as to present it in a form more
likely to meet the general concurrence of
the body.
6. A committee may be appointed with
power for a specific purpose. This gives
them power to dispose conclusively of the
matter, without further reference to the body.
7. The first named in the appointment
of a committee is by courtesy considered
the chairman. But the committee has the
right to name its own chairman.
8. The member who moves the appoint-
ment of a committee is usually tban^V *-*
necessarily, named its chairman
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHBS. 49
9. Committees of arrangement, or foi
other protracted service, report progress
from time to time, and are continued until
their final report, or until their appointment
expires by limitation.
10. A committee is discharged by a vote,
when its business is done, and its report ac-
cepted. But usually, in routine business, a
committee is considered discharged by the
acceptance of its report.
Standing Committee.
A committee appointed to act for a given
period or during the recess of the body is
called a standing committee. It has charge
of a given department of business assigned
by the body, and acts either with power,
under instructions, or at discretion, as may
be ordered. A standing commiteee is sub-
stantially a minor board, and has its own
chairman, secretary, records, and times of
meeting.
Appeal.
The moderator announces all votes, and
decides all questions as to rules of proceed-
ing, and order of debate. But any member
who is dissatisfied with his decisions may
6
Si STAJTDABD MANUAL
appeal from them to the body. The mod-
erator then puts the question, "Shall the
decision of the chair be sustained f" The
vote of the body, whether negative or af-
firmative, is final. The right of appeal is
undeniable, but should not be resorted to
on trivial occasions.
Previous Question,
Debate may be cut short by a vote to
take the previous question. This means that
the original, or main question under discus-
sion, be immediately voted on, regardless of
amendments and secondary questions, and
without further debate. Usually a two-
thirds vote is necessary to order the pre-
vious question.
1. If the motion for the previous ques-
tion be carried, then the main question must
be immediately taken, without further de-
bate.
2. If the motion for the previous ques-
tion be lost, the debate proceeds, as though
no such motion had been made.
3. If the motion for the previous ques-
tion be lost, it cannot be renewed with refer-
ence to the same question, during the
session.
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. 51
To Lay on the Table.
Immediate and decisive action on any
question under discussion may be deferred,
by a vote to lay on the table the resolution
pending. This disposes of the whole sub-
ject for the present, and ordinarily is in
effect a final dismissal of it. But any mem-
ber has the right subsequently to call it up;
and the body will decide by vote whether,
or not, it shall be taken from the table.
1. Sometimes, however, a resolution is
laid on the table for the present, or until a
specified time, to give place to other business.
2. A motion to lay on the table must
apply to a resolution, or other papers. An
abstract subject cannot be disposed of in
this way.
Postponement.
A simple postponement is for a specified
time or purpose, the business to be resumed
when the time or purpose is reached. But
a question indefinitely postponed is considered
as finally dismissed.
Not Debatable.
Certain motions, by established usage, are
not debatable, but when once before the body,
must be taken without discussion.
52 STANDARD MANUAL
These are : The previous question, for wv
definite postponement, to commit, to lay on the
table, to adjourn.
But when these motions are modified by
some condition of time, place, or purpose,
they become debatable, and subject to the
rules of other motions ; but debatable only in
respect to the time, place, or purpose which
brings them within the province of debate.
A body is, however, competent, by a vote,
to allow debate on all motions.
To Reconsider.
A motion to reconsider a motion pre-
viously passed must be made by one who
voted for the motion when it passed.
If the body votes to reconsider, then the
motion or resolution being reconsidered
stands before them as previous to its passage,
and may be discussed, adopted, or rejected.
A vote to reconsider should be taken at
the same session at which the vote reconsid-
ered was passed, and when there are as
many members present.
Be Discussed.
If, when a question is introduced, any
member objects to its discussion, as foreign,
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHE8. W
profitless, or contentious, the moderator
ihould at once put the question, " Shall this
motion be discussed f " If this question be
decided in the negative, the subject must be
dismissed.
Order of the Day.
The body may decide to take up some
definite business at a specified time. That
business therefore becomes the order of the
day, for that hour. When the time men-
tioned arrives, the chairman calls the busi-
ness, or any member may demand it, with
or without a vote ; and all pending ques-
tions are postponed in consequence.
Point of Order.
Any member who believes that a speaker
is out of order, or that discussion is pro-
ceeding improperly, may at any time rise to
a point of order. He must distinctly state
his question or objection, which the moder-
ator will decide.
Privileges.
Questions relating to the rights and priv-
ilege* of members are of primary import-
ance, and, until disposed of, take precedence
6»
54 STANDARD MAJtTUAL
of all other business, and supersede all other
motions, except that of adjournment.
Rule Suspended,
A rule of order may be suspended by a
vote of the body, to allow the transaction
of business necessary, but which could not
otherwise be done without a violation of
such rule.
Filling Blanks.
Where different numbers are suggested
for filling blanks, the highest number, great-
est distance, and longest time are usually
voted on first.
Adjournment.
1. A simple motion to adjourn is always
in order, except while a member is speak-
ing, or when taking a vote. It takes pre-
cedence of all other motions, and is not
debatable.
2. In some deliberative bodies, a motion
to adjourn is in order while a speaker has
the floor, or a vote is being taken, the busi-
ness to stand, on reassembling, precisely as
when adjournment took place.
3. A body may adjourn to a specific
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 56
tune; but if no time be mentioned, the
axed, or usual time of meeting, is under-
stood. If there be no fixed, or usual time
of meeting, then an adjournment without
iate is equivalent to a dissolution.
M BTATOABD MANUAL
CHAPTER VIII.
CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.
All evangelical churches profess to tak*
the Holy Scriptures as their only and suffi-
cient guide in matters of religious faith and
practice. Baptists, especially, claim to have
no authoritative creed except the New Testa-
ment. It is common, however, for the
churches to have formulated statements of
what are understood to be the leading Chris-
tian doctrines, printed and circulated among
their members. These are not uniform
among the churches, but are in substantial
agreement as to the doctrines taught. In-
deed, each church is at liberty to prepare its
own confession, or have none at all ; no one
form being held as binding and obligatory
on the churches to adopt. Members, on
being received to fellowship, are not re-
quired to subscribe or pledge conformity
to any creed -form, but are expected to yield
substantial agreement to that which the
church with which they unite has adopted.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 57
Inere are two Confessions which have
gained more general acceptance than any
others, and are now being widely adopted
by the churches over the country. As to
substance of doctrine, they do not essentially
differ. That known as the New Hampshire
Confession is commonly used by the churches
North, East, and West ; while that known
as the Philadelphia Confession, is very gen-
erally in use in the South and Southwest.
The former is much more brief, and for that
reason preferred by many. The other it
substantially the London Confession of
Faith, published by English Baptists in
1689. It is much more full in statement
than the other, and is higher in its tone as
to the doctrines of grace.
American Baptists are decidedly Calvin-
istic as to substance of doctrine, but moder-
ately so, being midway between the ex-
tremes of Arminianism and Antinomianism.
Though diversities of opinion may incline to
either extreme, the " general atonement M view
is for the most part held, while the " par-
ticular atonement" theory is maintained by
not a few. The freedom of the human will
is declared, while the sovereignty of divine
grace, and the absolute necessity of the
58 STANDARD MANUAL.
Spirit's work in faith and salvation are
maintained. They practice " strict commu-
nion," as do their mission churches in
foreign lands. In Great Britain Baptists
are sharply divided between "strict and
free communion," and between the particu-
lar and the general atonement theories.
The New Hampshire Confession with a
few verbal changes, is here inserted. A
part of the proof texts usually accompany-
ing these articles are, for want of space,
omitted. 1
AKTICLES OF FAITH.
I. THE SCRIPTURES.
We believe that the Holy Bible was writ-
ten by men divinely inspired, and is a perfect
treasure of heavenly instruction j 1 that it has
God for its author, salvation for its end, and
truth without any mixture of error for its
matter;* that it reveals the principles by
which God will judge us ;• and therefore is,
and shall remain to the end of the world,
the true centre of Christian union, and the
i For a fuller account of these Confeuions, eee the
Church Direotory."
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. 59
supreme standard by which all human con-
duct, creeds, and opinions should be tried.
1 2 Tim. 8 : 16, 17. All Scripture Is given by Inspiration of
God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction,
for instruction in righteousness ; that the man of God mar be
perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works. Also, 2 Pet.
1 : 21 ; 2 Sam. 23 : 2 ; Acts 1 : 16.
* ProT. 30 : 5, 6. Every word of God is pure. Add thou not
unto his words, lest he reprove thee, and thou be found a liar.
Also, John 17 : 17; Rev. 22 : 18, 19; Bom. 3 : 4.
* Rom. 2 : 12. As many as hare sinned in the law, shall be
judged by the law. John 12 : 47, 48. If any man hear my
words— the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him
in the last day. Also, 1 Cor. 4 : 3, 4 ; Luke 10 : 10-16 ; 12 : 47,4*
II. THE TRUE GOD.
We believe the Scriptures teach that there
is one, and only one, living and true God,
an infinite, intelligent Spirit, whose name is
Jehovah, the Maker and Supreme Ruler
of Heaven and Earth: 1 inexpressibly glo-
rious in holiness, 2 and worthy of all possible
honor, confidence, and love; 8 that in the
unity of the Godhead there are three per-
sons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy
Ghost; 4 equal in every divine perfection,
and executing distinct but harmonious offices
in the great work of redemption.
* John 4 : 24. God is a Spirit. Ps. 147 : 5. His understanding
b infinite. Ps. 88 : 18. Thou whose name alone is JEHOVAH,
art the Most High over all the earth. Heb. 8:4; Bom. 1 : 20 ;
Jer. 10 : 10.
* Exod. 16 : 11. Who is like unto thee— glorious in holiness f
Urn. f : 8 ; 1 Peter 1 : 16, 16 ; Bev. 4 : 6-8.
00 STAHDABD MANUAL
•Murk 12 : 80. Thou •halt lore the Lord thy God with all
thy heart, and with ell thy soul, end with ell thy mind, end
with ell thy strength. Ber. 4:11. Thou art worthy, O Lord
io receive glory, end honour, end power. Matt. 10 : 87 ; Jar, 2 :
« Matt 28 : It . Go ye therefore end teach all nations, baptla-
kng them in the name of the Father, end of the Son, end of the
Holy Ghost. John 15 : 26 ; 1 Cor. 12 : 4-6.
JUL THE TALL OF MAN.
We believe the Scriptures teach that man
was created in holiness, under the law of his
Maker; 1 but by voluntary transgresson fell
from that holy and happy state;* in conse-
quence of which all mankind are now sin-
ners, 1 not by constraint but choice ; being
by nature utterly void of that holiness re-
quired by the law of God, positively inclined
to evil ; and therefore under just condemna-
tion 4 without defense or excuse.*
1 Gen. 1 : 27. God created man in hie own image. Gen. 1 : 8L
And God taw everything that he had made, and behold, it wae
rery good. EocL 7 : 29 ; Acta 17 : 26 ; Gen. 2 : 16.
• Gen. 8 : 6-24. And when the woman aaw that the tree wae
good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree
to be desired to make one wise ; she took of the fruit thereof
and did eat ; and gare also unto her husband with her, and he
did eat. Bom. 5 : 12.
* Bom. 5 : 19. By one man's disobedience many were made
sinners. John 8 : 6; Ps. 51 : 5; Bom. 5 : 15-19; 8 : 7.
* Eph. 2 : 8. Among whom also we all had our oonYersation in
times past in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the
aesh and of the mind; and were by nature the children of
wrath even as others.
• Back. 18 : 19, 20. The soul that sinneth it shall die. Bom.
1 : ». So that they are without excuse. Bom. 8 : 19. That
every mouth may be stopped and all the world may become
guilty before God. Gal. 8 : 22.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. fl
IV. THE WAY OF SALVATION,
We believe the Scriptures teach that the
salvation of sinners is wholly of grace j J
through the mediatorial offices of the Sod
of God ; * who, according to the will of the
Father, became man, yet without sin ; •
honored the divine law by his personal
obedience, and by his death made a full
atonement for our sins-; 4 that having risen
from the dead, he is now enthroned in
heaven ; and uniting in his wonderful per-
son the tenderest sympathies with divine
perfections, he is every way qualified to be
a suitable, a compassionate and an all-suffi-
cient Saviour. •
i Eph. 3:8. By grace ye are sayed. Matt. 18 : 11 ; 1 John 4:
10; 1 Cor. 8: 8-7; Acts 15: 1L
I John 8 : 16. For God so lored the world that he gare hie
onlr begotten Son, that whosoever heliereth in him should not
perish, oat hare everlasting Ufa.
• PhiL 2: 6, 7. Who being in the form of God. thought It
not robbery to be equal with God: but made himself of no
reputation, and took upon him the form of a ■errant, and wai
made In the likeness of men.
• lea. 88: 4, 8. He was wounded for ear transgressions, he
waa bruised for our iniquities ; the chastisement of our peso*
was upon him ; and with his stripes we are healed.
• Heb. 7 : 26. Wherefore he is able also to sure them to the
uttermost that oome unto God by him, seeing he •rex lrreth te
make intercession for them. CoL 2 : 9. For in him dwellath
all the fulness of the Godhead bodily.
6
€3 STANDARD MANUAL
V. JUSTIFICATION.
We believe the Scriptures teach that the
great gospel blessing which Christ * secures
to such as believe in him is justification ; '
that justification includes the pardon of
sin/ and the gift of eternal life on principles
of righteousness ; that it is bestowed, not in
consideration of any works of righteousness
which we have done, but solely through
faith in Christ ; by means of which faith
his perfect righteousness is freely imputed
to us by God ; * that it brings us into a
state of most blessed peace and favor with
God, and secures every other blessing need-
ful for time and eternity. 8
i John 1:18. Of his fulness hare all we receded. Bph.
1:8.
« Acts 13 : 89. By Mm all that bclierc are justified from all
things. Is*, 8:11, 12; Rom. 5: 1.
> Rom. 5 : 9. Being Justified by his blood, we shall be eared
from wrath through him. Zeoh. 18 : 1 ; Matt. 9:8; Act* 10: 48
« Bom. 8: 19. By the obedience of one shall many be made
righteous. Bom. 8: 24-28; 4: 28-36; Uohn 2: 12.
• Bom. 5 : 1, 2. Being justified by faith, we hare peace with
God, through our Lord Jesus Christ : by whom also we hare
access by faith into this grace wherein we stand, and rejoice
in hope of the glory of God.
VI. THE FKEENESS OF SALVATION.
We believe the Scriptures teach that the
blessings of salvation are made free to all
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHE8. 63
by the gospel : l that it is the immediate
duty of all to accept them by a cordial,
penitent, and obedient faith ;* and that
nothing prevents the salvation of the great-
est sinner on earth but his own determined
depravity and voluntary rejection of the
gospel; 8 which rejection involves him in
an aggravated condemnation. 4
1 Is*. 66 : 1. Ho. every one that thirsteth, come ye to the
waters. Bev. 22 : 17. Whosoever will let him take the water
of life freely.
* Acts 17 : 30. And the times of this ignorance God winked
at, hut now commandeth all men everywhere to repent. Bom,
16: 26 ; Mark 1 : 15 ; Rom. 1 : 15-17.
8 John 5 : 40. Ye will not oome to me, that ye might hare
life. Matt. 23: 37; Bom. 9:32.
« John 3: 19. And this Is the condemnation, that light is
oome into the world, and men loved darkness rather than
light because their deeds were evil. Matt 11 : 20 ; Luke 19 : 27 ;
IThess. 1:8.
VH. REGENERATION.
We believe the Scriptures teach that in
order to be saved, men must be regenerated,
or born again; 1 that regeneration consists
in giving a holy disposition to the mind ; *
that it is effected in a manner above our
comprehension by the Holy Spirit, in con-
nection with divine truth, s so as to secure
our voluntary obedience to the gospel ; 4
and that its proper evidence appears in the
64 STANDARD MANUAL
holy fruits of repentance, faith, and newness
of life. 1
1 John 8 : 3. Verily, rerily, I say unto thee, except a ma&
he born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. JohnS:
6, T; 1 Cor. 1: 14; Ber. 8:^-9; ReT. 21: 27.
* 2 Cor. 5: 17. If any man be in Christ, he la a new creature.
Back. 36 : 28 ; Dcut, 30: 6 ; Bom. 2 : 28, 29.
• John 8 : 8. The wind blowetb where it listeth, and thoo
bearcat the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh,
and whither it goeth ; so is every one that is born of the
Spirit John 1 : 13 ; James 1 : 10-18 ; 1 Cor. 1 : 80 ; Phil. 2 : 13.
« 1 Peter 1 : 22 : 26. Ye hare purified your souls in obeying
the truth through the Spirit. 1 John 5:1; Eph. 4 : 20-24 ; Cot
3 : 9-11.
» Eph. 5 : 9. The fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and
righteousness, and truth. Bom. 8:8, Gal. 5: 18-23; Enh. »
14-21 ; Matt. 3 : 8-10 ; 7 : 20 ; 1 John 5 : 4, 18.
VIII. REPENTANCE AND FAITH.
We believe the Scriptures teach that re-
pentance and faith are sacred duties, and
also inseparable graces, wrought in the soul
by the regenerating Spirit of God ; l where-
by being deeply convinced of our guilt,
danger, and helplessness, and of the way of
salvation by Christ, 1 we turn to God with
unfeigned contrition, confession, and suppli-
cation for mercy ; at the same time heartily
receiving the Lord Jesus as our prophet,
priest, and king, and relying on him alone
as the only and all-sufficient Saviour. *
» Mark 1 : 15. Repent ye, and beliere the gospeL Acts 11 :
18. Then hath Goo also to the Gentiles granted repentanet
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES 65
■ato life. fiph. 2:8. By grace ye are saved through faith;
and that not of yourselves ; it is the gift of God. 1 John 8 : L
* John 16 : S. He will reprove the world of sin, and of right*
eousness, and of judgment. Acta 11 : 38. Then Peter eaid unto
them, Repent, and be baptized every one of yon in the
of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins. Acts 16 : 80, 81.
• Romans 10:9-11. If thou shalt confess with thy m
the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thy heart that God hath
ra'-wjd him from the dead, thou shalt be saved. Acts 3 : 22, 28 ;
Heb. 4 : 14.
ix. god's purpose op grace.
We believe the Scriptures teach that elec-
tion is the eternal purpose of God, accord-
ing to which he graciously regenerates, sanc-
tifies, and saves sinners ; * that being per-
fectly consistent with the free agency of
man, it comprehends all the means in con-
nection with the end ; * that it is a most
glorious display of God's sovereign good-
ness ; s that it utterly excludes boasting, and
promotes humility ; 4 that it encourages the
use of means ; that it may be ascertained
by its effects in all who truly accept of
Christ * ; that it is the foundation of Chris-
tian assurance ; and that to ascertain it with
regard to ourselves demands and deserves
the utmost diligence. 6
1 2 Tim 1:8.1. But he thou partaker of the affliction* of the
gospel, according to the power of God ; who hath saved as and
sailed us with a holy calling, not according to our works, but
to his own purpose and grace which was gWen as i»
Oerist Jesus before the world beean.
8*
STANDAKD MANUAL
>S Thee*. 2 : 13, 14. Bat we are bound to fire thanks aiwayt
to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God
hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation, through
aanetification of the Spirit and belief of the truth ; w hereunto
he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our
Lord Jesus Christ.
8 1 Cor. 4 : 7. For who maketh thee to differ from another f
and what hast thou that thou did«t not receive? Now if thou
didst receive it, why dost thou glory as if thou hadst not re-
ceived it ? 1 Cor. 1 : 26-31 ; Rom. 8 : 27.
« 2 Tim. 2 : 10. Therefore I endure all things for the electa'
sake, that they also may obtain the salvation which is in Christ
Jesus with eternal glory. 1 Cor. 9 : 22; Rom. 8 : 28-30.
* 1 These. 4 : 10. Knowing, brethren beloved, your election
of God.
• 2 Peter 1 : 10, 11. Wherefore the rather, brethren, giTe dill-
Ssnce to make your calling and election sure. PhiL8:12;
eh 6 : 11.
snce to make your calling and election sure.
X. SANGTIFICATION.
We believe the Scriptures teach that sanc-
tification is the process by which, according
to the will of God, we are made partakers
of his holiness ; * that it is a progressive
work ; * that it is begun in regeneration ;
that it is carried on in the hearts of believ-
ers by the presence aud power of the Holy
Spirit, the Sealer and Comforter, in the con-
tinual use of the appointed means — espe-
cially |the word of God — self-examination,
self-denial, watchfulness, and prayer ; 8 and
in the practice of all godly exercises and
duties. 4
i 1 Thees. 4 : 8. For this is the will of God, even yoor sanotift-
Ation. 1 Thees. 5 : 23. And the very God of peace sanctify
ron wholly. 2 Cor. 7 : 1; 18 : 9; Eph. 1 : 4.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 67
•FroY. 4 : 18. The path of the just is as the shining light,
which shine th more and more, unto the perfect day.
•Phil. 1 : 12, 13. Work out your own salvation with fear and
trembling, for it is God which worketh in you both to will and
to do, of his good pleasure. Eph. 4 : 11, 12 ; 1 Peter 2 : 2 ; 2
Peter 8 : 18; 2 Cor. 13 : 5; Luke 11 : 35; 9 : 23; Matk 26 : ilj
Eph. 6 : 18 ; 4 : 30.
* 1 Tim 4 : 7. Exercise thyself unto godliness.
XI. PERSEVEKANCE OF SAINTS.
We believe the Scriptures teach that such
as are truly regenerate, being born of the
Spirit, will not utterly fall away and perish,
but will endure unto the end ; * that their
persevering attachment to Christ is the
grand mark which distinguishes them from
superficial professors ; 8 that a special Provi-
dence watches over their welfare ; ' and that
they are kept by the power of God through
faith unto salvation. 4
J John 8:81. Then said Jesus, If ye contiue in my word,
then are ye my disciples indeed. 1 John 2 : 27, 28.
> John 2 : 19. They went out from us, but they were not ©J
us ; for if they had been of us, they would no doubt have con-
tinued with us ; but they went out that it might be made mani-
fest that they were not all of us.
8 Rom. 8:28. And we know all things work together foi
good unto them that love God, to them who are the called ac-
cording to his purpose. Matt. 6 : 80-83 ; Jer. 32 . 40.
* Phil. 1:6. He who hath begun a good work in you wiB
perform it until the day of Jesus Christ. PhiL 2 : 12, 18.
in. THE LAW AND GOSPEL.
We believe the Scriptures teach that the
law of God is the eternal and unchangeable
6fe STANDARD MANUAL
rule of his moral government ; l that it if
holy, just, and good ; ' and that the inability
which the Scriptures ascribe to fallen men
to fulfill its precepts arises entirely from
their sinful nature ; ' to deliver them from
which, and to restore them through a Medi-
ator to unfeigned obedience to the holy law,
is one great end of the gospel, and of th«
means of grace connected with the establish-
ment of the visible church. 4
I Bom. 8 : 81. Do we make roid the law through frith r God
forbid. Yea, we establish the law Matt. 5 : 17; Luke 18 : 17 j
Rom. 8:20; 4:15.
* Rom. 7 : 12. The law is holy, and the commandment holy,
and jnst, and good. Rom. 7 : 7, 14, 22 ; OaL 8 : 21 ; Ps. 119.
•Rom. 8 : 7, 8. The carnal mind is enmity against God ; tot
It is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. So
then they that are in the flesh cannot please God.
« Rom. 8 : 2, 4. For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ
Jesus hath made me free from the law of sin and death. For
what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the
flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh,
and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh : that the righteousness
of the law might be fulfilled in ns, who walk not alter the flesh
bat after the Spirit.
XIII. A GOSPEL CHURCH.
We believe the Scriptures teach that »
visible Church of Christ is a company of
baptized believers, 1 associated by covenant
in the faith and fellowship of the gospel • l
observing the ordinances of Christ;* gov-
erned by his laws ; 4 and exercising the
FOB BAPTIST CHUBOHBS. 68
gifts, rights, and privileges invested in them
by his word ; * that its only scriptural offi-
cers are bishops or pastors, and deacons,*
whose qualifications, claims, and duties are
defined in the Epistles to Timothy and
Titus.
» Acts 2 : 41. 42. Then they that gladly received Ma word
were baptized ; and the same day there were added to these
about three thousand souls.
*2 Cor. 8 : 5. They first gave their own solve* to the Lord,
and unto us by the will of God.
» 1 Cor. 11 : 2. Now I praise you, brethren, that ye remain-
ber me in all things, a ad keep the ordinances as I delivered
them to you.
« Matt. 28 : 20. Teaching them to observe all things what-
soever I have commanded you. John 14 : 15.
* 1 Cor. 14 : 12. Seek that ye may excel to the edifying of the
church.
•Phil. 1 : 1. With the bishops and deacons. Acta 14 : 28;
15:22. lTim.3. Titus 1.
XIV. CHRISTIAN BAPTISM.
We believe the Scriptures teach that
Christian baptism is the immersion in water
of a believer in Christ, i into the name of
the Father, and Son, and Holy Ghost;*
to show forth in a solemn and beautiful em-
blem his faith in the crucified, buried, and
risen Saviour, with its effect, in his death to
sin and resurrection to a new life ; 8 that it
is prerequisite to the privileges of a church
relation, and to the Lord's Supper. 4
Hi) STANDARD MANUAL
i Acts 8:36-39. And the eunuch said, See, here is
what doth hinder me to be baptized? And Philip said, If thon
believest with all thy heart, thou mayest. . . . And they went
down into the water, both Philip ana the eunuch, and he bap-
tised him. Matt. 3 : 5, 6 ; John 3 : 22, 23 ; 4 : 1, 2 ; Matt. 28 : 19.
•Matt. 18 : 19. Baptizing them in the name of the Father
and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Acts 10 : 47, 48: Gal.
8:27,28.
• Rom. 6 : 4. Therefore we are buried with him by baptism
Into death ; that like as Christ was raised from the dead by the
' the Father, even so we also, should walk in newness
Col. 2 : 12.
rlory of
of life.
* Acts 2 : 41, 42. Then they that gladly received his word
were baptized, and there were added to them, the same day,
about three thousand souls. And they continued steadfastly
In the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of
bread, and in prayers. Matt. 28 : 19, 20.
XV. THE LORD'S SUPPER.
We believe the Scriptures teach that the
Lord's Supper is a provision of bread and
wine, representing Christ's body and blood,
partaken of by the members of the church
assembled for that purpose, 1 in commemora-
tion of the death of their Lord, 8 showing
their faith and participation in the merits
of his sacrifice, their dependence on him
for spiritual life and nourishment,* and their
hope of life eternal through his resurrection
from the dead ; its observance to be pre-
ceded by faithful self-examination. 4
i Lake 22 : 19, 20. And he took bread, and gave thanks and
brake, and gave unto them, saying, This is my body, which Is
given for you ; this do in remembrance of me. Likewise the
tup after supper, saying, This cup is the new testament in ay
blood, which is shed for you. Mark 14 : 20-26 ; Matt. 26 : 27-30;
1 Cor. 11 : 27-80 ; 1 Cor. 10 : 16.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES, 71
■ i Cor. 11 : 36. For as oft as ye eat this bread, and drink
this ©up, ye do shew the Lord's death until he come. Matt.
K:90.
» John 5 : 85, 54, 56. Jesus said unto them, I am the bread
of life. Whoso eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood hath
eternal life. He that eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood
dwelleta in me, and I in him,
* 1 Cor. 11 : 28. But let a man examine himself, and so let
trim eat of that bread, and drink of that cup. Acta 2 : 42, 46 ;
20 : 7, 11.
XVI. THE LORD'S DAY.
We believe the Scriptures teach, that. the
first day of the week is the Lord's Day, 1
and is to be kept sacred to religious pur-
poses s by abstaining from all secular labor,
except works of mercy and necessity ; * by
the devout observance of all the means of
grace, both private and public; 4 and by
preparation for that rest that remaineth for
the people of God.
* Acts 20 : 7. On the first day of the week, when the disciples
came together to break bread, Paul preached to them.
> Exod. 20 : 8. Remember the Sabbath Day, to keep It holy.
Rev. 1 : 10. I waa in the Spirit on the Lord's Day. Ps. 118 : 24.
» lea. 58 : 13, 14. If thou turn away thy foot from the Sab-
bath, from doing thy pleasure on my holy day ; and call the
Sabbath a delight, the holy of the Lord honourable ; and shalt
honour him, not doing thine own ways, nor finding thine own
Bleasure, nor speaking thine own words ; then shall thou de-
ght thyself in the Lord, and I will cause thee to ride upon
the high places of the earth, and feed thee with the heritage of
Jacob. Isa.56:2-8.
* Heb. 10 : 24, 25. Not forsaking the assembling of yourselYea
together, as the manner of some is. Acta 13 : 44 The next
Babbath Day came almost the whole city together to hear th*
word of God.
78 STANDARD MANUAL
XVII. CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
We believe the Scriptures teach that civi
government is of divine appointment, for
the interest and good order of human so-
ciety ; * and that magistrates are to be prayed
for, conscientiously honored, and obeyed ; *
except only in things opposed to the will of
our Lord Jesus Christ, 8 who is the only
Lord of the conscience, and the Prince of
the kings of the earth. 4
1 Bom. 13 : 1-7. The powers that be are ordained of God
For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil
• Matt. 22 : 21. Render therefore unto Csesar the things that
are Csesar's, and unto God the things that are God's. Titus
1:1; 1 Peter 2: 13; lTim.2:l-8.
» Acta 5 : 29. We onght to obey God rather than man. Matt.
10 : 28. Fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to
kill the soul. Dan. 8 : 15-18 ; 6 : 7, 10; Acts 4 : 18-20.
*Matt. 23 : 10. Ye have one Master, even Christ. Rev. 10:
14. And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name writ*
ten, Krse or kings and Loan op lords. Ps, 72 : 11 ; Pi. 2 ;
Rom. 14 : 0-13.
XVIII. RIGHTEOUS AND WICKED.
We believe the Scriptures teach that there
is a radical and essential difference between
the righteous and the wicked ; 1 that such only
as are regenerate, being justified through
faith in Jesus Christ and sanctified by the
Spirit of God, are truly righteous in his
esteem ; * while all such as continue in im-
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 73
penitence and unbelief are, in his sight,
wicked and under the curse ; * and this dis-
tinction holds among men, both in and after
death. 4
1 Mai. 8 : 18. Ye shall discern between the righteous and tut
wicked ; between him that servetb God and him that serretlt
him not Prov. 12:26; Isa.5:20; Gen. 18 : 23 ; Jer. 16 : 19 :
Acts 10: 84, 85; Bom. 6 ; 16.
a Bom. 1 : 17. The just shall live by faith. 1 John 2 : 29. It
re know that he is righteous, ye know that every oue that
doeth righteousness is born of him. 1 John 3:7; Bom. 6 : 18,
12; 1 Cor. 11 : 82; Prov. 11 : 31; 1 Peter 4 : 17, 18.
* 1 John 5 : 19. And we know that we are of God, and the
whole world lieth in wickedness. Gal. 3 : 10. As many as are
of the works of the law, are under the curse. John 3 : 36 ; Iaa.
67:21; Ps. 10:4; Isa. 56 : 6, 7.
« Prov. 14:32. The wicked is driven away in his wicked-
ness, but the righteous hath hope in his death. Luke 16 : 25.
Thou in thy lifetime receivedBt thy good things, and likewise
Lazarus evil things ; but now he is comforted, and thou art
tormented. John 8 : 21-24 ; Prov. 10 : 24 ; Luke 12 : 4, 6; 11 .
13-26 ; John 12 : 25, 26: Eccl. 3 : 17.
XIX. THE WORLD TO OOME.
We believe the Scriptures teach that the
~ of the world is approaching ; x that at
the last day Christ will descend from
heaven, 8 and raise the dead from the grave
for final retribution j 3 that a solemn separ-
ation will then take place ; * that the wicked
will be adjudged to endless sorrow, and the
righteous to endless joyj* and that this
judgment will fix forever the £nal state of
74 STANDARD MANUAL
men in heaven or hell on principles of right-
» 1 Peter 4 : 7. But the end of all things is at hand ; t» ye
therefore sober, and watoh unto prayer. 1 Cor. 7 : 29-81 : Hab.
1: 10-12; Matt. 24:36.
1 AoU 1 : 11. This same Jesus which is taken up from yon
into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him
So into heaven.
•Acts 24: 15. There shall be a resurrection of the dead,
both of the just and unjust. 1 Cor. IS : 12-58; Luke 14 : 14;
Dan. 12 : 2.
*Matt. 18:49. The angels shall come forth, and sevr<r the
wicked from among the just. Matt. 13 : 37-43; 24:80,31;
25:31-83.
'Matt. 25 : 35-41. And these shall go away into everlasting
punishment, but the righteous into life eternal. Rev. 22 : 11.
He that is unjust, let him be unjust still ; and he which if
filthy, let him be filthy still ; and he that is righteous, let him
b« ri'gnteous still ; and he that is holy, let him De holy still. 1
Cor. 6 : 9, 10 ; Mark 9 : 43-48.
•2 Thess. 1 : 6-12. Seeing it is a righteous thing with God
to recompense tribulations to them who trouble you, and to
you who are troubled, rest with us . . . when he shall oome to
be glorified in his saints, and to be admired in all them that
believe. Heb. 6 : 1. 2 ; 1 Cor. 4:5; Acts 17 : 31 ; Rom. 2 : 2-16,
Rev. 20 : 11. 12 ; 1 John 2 : 28 ; 4 : 17. 2 Peter 3 : 11, 12. Seeing
then that all these things shall be dissolved, what manner ox
persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation and godliness,
looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God?
COVENANT.
Having been, as we trust, brought by
divine grace to embrace the Lord Jesus
Christ, and to give ourselves wholly to him,
we do now solemnly and joyfully covenant
with each other to walk together is
HIM, WITH BROTHERLY LOVE, to his glory,
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 76
as our common Lord. We do, therefore, in
his strength, engage —
That we will exercise a Christian care
and watchfulness over each other, and faith-
fully warn, exhort, and admonish each other
as occasion may require:
That we will not forsake the assembling
of ourselves together, but will uphold the
public worship of God and the ordinances
of his house :
That we will not omit closet and family
religion at home, nor neglect the great duty
of religiously training our children, and
those under our care, for the service of
Christ and the enjoyment of heaven :
That, as we are the .light of the world,
and the salt of the earth, we will seek divine
aid, to enable us to deny ungodliness and
every worldly lust, and to walk circum-
spectly in the world, that we may win the
souls of men :
That we will cheerfully contribute of our
property, according as God has prospered
us, for the maintenance of a faithful and
evangelical ministry among us, for the sup-
port of the poor, and to spread the gospel
over the earth :
That we will in all conditions, even till
76 BTANDABD MANITAL
death, gtrive to live to the glory of him
who hath called us out of darkness into his
marvelous light.
" And may the God of peace, who brought
again from the dead our Lord Jesus, that
great Shepherd of the sheep, through the
blood of the everlasting covenant, make us
perfect in every good work to do his will,
working in us that which is well pleasing
in his sight through Jesus Christ, to whom
be glory, for ever and ever. Amen."
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. 77
CHAFTER IX.
OPTIONAL 8TANDING RESOLUTIONS.
A Christian church should be the un-
compromising friend of all virtue, and the
determined enemy of all vice. Public
morality and social purity should find in it
an open and earnest advocate and defender.
Churches should bear in mind that Chris-
tian morality, which constitutes their rule
of life, claims a much higher standard than
the morality of worldly society about them.
Therefore their deportment should be such
as to have a good report of them that are
without, and command the respect of the
world. Iu all this the pastor should be the
wise but decided and courageous teacher,
leader and exemplar for his people.
There are certain questions of moral
reform and social recreation with reference
to which the churches are often much per-
plexed, but with reference to which they
should have settled convictions, and hold s
78 STANDARD MANUAL
well-defined attitude. It is not wise to put
definitions and restrictions touching intem-
perance, card playing, theatre going, danc-
ing, and the like, into covenants or articles
of faith. A bettei way is for the church,
after due consideration, to pass standing
resolutions on the subject, to be placed on
its records as a guide to future action.
Something like the following, to be varied
at the option of the body, would serve as a
declaration of principles:
1. Resolved, That this church expects
every member to contribute statedly for its
pecuniary support, according to his ability,
as God has prospered him, and that a re-
fusal to do this will be considered a breach
of covenant.
2. Resolved, That this church will entertain
and contribute statedly to Home and For-
eign Missions, and to other leading objects
of Christian benevolence, approved of and
supported by our denomination.
3. Resolved, That the religious education
of the young and Bible study as repre-
sented in Sunday-school work commend
themselves to our confidence, and we will,
to the extent of our ability, give them our
sympathy and our aid, by both our persona]
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 79
co-operation and contributions, and ex-
pressed appreciation of all their legitimate
aims and work.
4. Resolved, That in our opinion, the use
of intoxicating drinks as a beverage, and
also the manufacture and sale of the same
for such a purpose, are contrary to Christian
morals, injurious to personal piety, and a
hindrance to gospel truth, and that persons
so using, making or selling, are thereby dis-
qualified for membership in this church.
5. Resolved, That we emphatically dis-
countenance and condemn the practice of
church members frequenting theatres and
other similar places of public amusements,
as inconsistent with a Christian profession,
detrimental to personal piety, and pernicious
in the influence of its example on others.
6. Resolved, That the members of this
church are earnestly requested not to pro-
vide for, take part in, or by any means en-
courage dancing or card playing ; but in all
consistent ways to discountenance the same
as a hindrance to personal godliness in their
associations and tendencies, and an offense
to brethren whom we should not willingly
grieve.
86 STANDARD MANUAL
CHAPTER X.
BAPTISM CONSIDEBED.
What is Christian baptism? This is
the gravest question which enters into the
baptismal controversy. Other questions of
moment there are in connection with it,
touching the design, the efficacy, and the
subjects. But it is of primary importance
to know what constitutes baptism.
Baptists answer the question by saying
that baptism is the immersion, dipping, or
burying in water, of a professed believer in
Christ, in the name of the Father, the Son,
and the Holy Spirit.
Pedobaptists, both Roman Catholic and
Protestant, answer the question by saying
that baptism is either the sprinkling or
pouring of water upon the candidate, touch-
ing the forehead with wet fingers, or dipping
the person wholly into water j in either case
in the name of the Father, the Son, and
the Spirit ; and that it may be administered
to a candidate on his profession of faith, or
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 81
fco an unconscious infant on the professed
faith of parents or sponsors. This would
make four kinds of baptism, and two
classes of subjects for its reception ; and
would consist rather in the application of
water to the person, than putting the person
into water.
Baptists hold to a unity of the ordinance,
as well as to a oneness of the faith ; insist-
ing that as there is but one Lord, and one
faith, so there is but one baptism. And the
dipping in water of a professed disciple of
Christ is that one baptism. Neither sprink-
ling a person with water, nor pouring water
upon him can by any possibility be Chris-
tian baptism. That this position is the
true one, we appeal to the New Testament,
and the best extant historical and philo-
logical authorities to establish.
Let it be distinctly understood, however,
that all the eminent names and learned
authorities hereafter cited are Pedobaptists.
Baptist authorities are wholly omitted, not
because they are less accurate or less valu-
able, but because we prefer to allow our
opponents in this controversy to bear witness
for us, rather than to testify in our own
behalf!
82 STANDARD MANUAL
MEANING OF THE WORD.
The word baptize is, properly speaking,
a Greek word (baptizo), adapted to the En-
glish language by a change in its termina-
tion. This is the word always used by
Christ and his apostles to express and define
the ordinance. What does that word mean,
as originally used ? For it is certain that
our Lord, in commanding a rite to be ob-
served by believers of all classes, in all
lands, and through all ages, would use a
word of positive and definite import, and
one whose meaning would admit of no
reasonable doubt. What do Greek scholars
say? How do the Greek lexicons define
the word ?
Scapula says : " To dip, to immerse, as
V3 do anything for the purpose of dyeing it."
Schleusner says : "Properly it signifies
to dip, to immerse, to immerse in water."
Parkhurst says : " To dip, immerse, 01
plunge in water."
Stevens says : " To merge, or immerse,
to submerge, or bury in water."
Donnegan says : " To immerse repeat-
edly into liquid, to submerge, to soak thor-
oughly."
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 83
Robinson says : " To immerse, to sink."
Liddell and Scott say : " To dip re-
peatedly."
Grimm's Lexicon of the New Testament,
which in Europe and America stands con-
fessedly at the head of Greek lexicography,
as translated and edited by Professor Thayer,
of Harvard University, thus defines baptizo :
" (1) To dip repeatedly, to immerse, sub-
merge. (2) To cleanse by dipping or sub-
merging. (3) To overwhelm. In the New
Testament it is used particularly of the rite
of sacred ablution ; first instituted by John
the Baptist, afterward by Christ's command
received by Christians and adjusted to the
contents and nature of their religion, viz.,
an immersion in water, performed as a sign
of the removal of sin, and administered to
those who, impelled by a desire for salva-
tion, sought admission to the benefits of the
Messiah's kingdom. With eis to mark the
element into which the immersion is made ;
en with the dative of the thing in which
one is immersed."
The noun baptisma, the only other word
used in the New Testament to denote the
rite, Grimm-Thayer thus define: "A
word peculiar to the New Testament and
84 STANDARD MANUAL
ecclesiastical writers ; used (1) of John's
baptism ; (2) of Christian baptism. This,
according to the view of the Apostles, is a
rite of sacred immersion commanded by
Christ."
Add to those such authorities as Alsti-
Jius, Passow, Schottgen, Stockius, Stourdza,
Sophocles, Ajithon, Rosen muller, Wetstein,
Leigh, Turretin, Beza, Calvin, Witsius,
Luther, Vossius, Campbell, and many
others who bear the same witness to the
proper meaning of the word baptize. If
at any time the word may have a secondary
meaning, it is strictly in accord with its
primary meaning — to dip, or immerse. For
both classic and sacred Greek the same
meaning holds.
Prof. Moses Stuart, one of the ablest
scholars America has produced, declared:
" Baptizo means to dip, plunge, or immerse
into any liquid. All lexicographers and
critics of any note are agreed in this."
Essay on Baptism, p. 51 ; Biblical Reposi-
tory, 1883, p. 298.
"All lexicographers and critics, of any
note, are agreed in this," says one of the
foremost scholars of the age, and he a Pedo-
baptist. What a concession !
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 86
The Greek language is rich in terms for
the expression of all positive ideas, and all
varying shades of thought. Why, then, did
our Lord in commanding, and his Apostle*
in transmitting his command to posterity
use always and only that one word bapivzo,
to describe the action, and that one word
bapUzma y to describe the ordinance to which
he intended all his followers to submit?
The word louo means to wash the body, and
uipto to wash parts of the body ; but these
words are not used, because washing is not
what Christ meant. Rantizo means to
sprinkle, and if sprinkling were baptism this
would have been the word above all others;
but it was never so used. Keo means to
pour ; but pouring is not baptism, and so
this word was never used to describe the
ordinance. Katharizo means to purify, but
is not used for the ordinance. The facts
are clear and the reasoning conclusive.
STOUEDZA,the Russian scholar and diplo-
mat, says : " The church of the West has
then departed from the example of Jesus
Christ ; she has obliterated the whole sub-
limity of the exterior sign. Baptism and
immersion are identical. Baptism by asper-
non is as if one should say immersion by
8
86 STANDARD MANUAL
aspersion, or any other absurdity of the
same nature." Considerations, Orthodox
Ch., p. 87.
THE BAPTISM OF JESUS.
The baptism of Jesus in the Jordan is
thus described : " And Jesus, when he was
baptized, went up straightway out of the
water." (Matt. 3 : 16.) And again, it is
recorded that Jesus " was baptized of John
in Jordan ; and straightway coming up out
of the water." (Mark 1 : 10.) He certainly
would not go down into Jordan to have
water sprinkled on him. Nobody believes
he would. He was baptized in Jordan, not
•with Jordan. Moreover, he was baptized,
that is, immersed, not rantized, that is,
sprinkled.
Bishop Taylor says : " The custom of
the ancient churches was not sprinkling, but
immersion, in pursuance of the meaning of
the word in the commandments and the
example of our blessed Saviour." Commen-
tary on Matthew 3 : 16.
MacKnight says : " Christ submitted to
be baptized, that is, to be buried under
water, and to be raised out of it again, a»
FOE BAPTIST CHURCHES. 8?
an emblem of his future death and resur-
rection." Com. Epis., Rom. 6 : 4,.
And with these agree Campbell, Light-
foot, Whitby, Poole, Olshausen, Meyer,
Alford, and many other commentators and
scholars. All those whom John baptized
he buried beneath the waters, and raised
them up again.
MUCH WATER NEEDED.
It is recorded that " John also was bap-
tizing in Enon, near to Salim, because there
was much water there." (John 3 : 23.)
Why need much water, except for dipping,
or burying the candidates in the act of bao-
tisni ?
John Calvin, the great theologian,
scholar, and commentator, whom Scaliger
pronounced the most learned man in Europe,
says : " From the words of John (chap. 3 :
23) it may be inferred that baptism was
administered by John and Christ, by plung-
ing the whole bodv under water." Com. on
John 3 : 28.
Poole says : " It is apparent that both
Christ and John baptized by dipping the
whole body in the water, else they need
Dot have sought places where had been
88 STANDARD MANUAL
a great plenty of water." Armot. sohn
3 : S3.
Whitby says : " Because there was much
water there in which their whole bodies
might be dipped." Grit. Com. John S :
23.
With these agree Bengel, Curcaslleus,
Adam Clarke, Geikie, Stanley, and others.
PHILIP AND THE EUNUCH.
" And they went down both into the water,
both Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized
him. And when they were come up out of the
water, the Spirit of the Lord caught away
Philip." (Acts 8 : 38.) Why go down
into the water, both, or either of them, if
not for an immersion ?
Venema, the ecclesiastical historian, says :
" It is without controversy, that baptism in
the primitive church was administered by
immersion into water, and not by sprink-
ling ; seeing that John is said to have bap-
tized in Jordan, and where there was much
water, as Christ also did by his disciples in
the neighborhood of those places. Philip
also going down into the water baptized the
eunuch." Eccl. Hid., chap. I., eec. 138.
To this may be added Calvin, Grotius,
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 8&
Towerson, Poole, and others to the sam«
effect.
THE TESTIMONY OF 8CHOULRS.
Great men are not always wise. Our
search should be for the truth wherever
found ; and though our final appeal in these
matters is to the New Testament, still we
are glad to use the testimony of distin-
guished scholars where it affirms the teach-
ings of the Scriptures and confirms our posi-
tion on the baptismal question. Especially
so, as these scholars are not of our own, but
of other denominations.
Zanchius, the learned Roman Catholic
Professor of Heidelberg, whose opinion
De Courcy declared, " is worth a thousand
others," said : " The proper signification of
baptize is to immerse, plunge under, over-
whelm in water." Works, Vol. VI., p. 217.
Geneva, 1619,
Luther, the great German Reformer,
Bays : " The term baptism is Greek ; in Latin
it may be translated mersio ; since we immerse
anything into water, that the whole may be
covered with the water." Works, Vol. J u
p. 71. WU. ed., 1582.
Melancthon, the most scholarly and able
8»
90 STANDARD MANUAL.
co-la borer with Luther, says : " Baptism is
immersion into water, with this admirable
benediction." Melanc. Cateo. Wit., 1680.
Cave, in his able work on Christian
A-iitiquities, says: "The party to be bap-
tized was wholly immersed, or put under
vvater," Prim. Christ, P. I. Chap. X. p.
320.
Beza, the learned translator of the New
Testament, says : " Christ commanded us to
be baptized, by which word it is certain im-
mersion is signified." Annot. on Mark 7 : 4-
Mede, the distinguished English scholar
and divine, says : " There was no such thing
as sprinkling used in the Apostles' days, nor
for many ages after them." Dis. on Titus
3:6.
Grotius, whom his biographer calls one
of the most illustrious names in literature,
politics, and theology, says : " That baptism
used to be performed by immersion, and not
by pouring, appears by the proper significa-
tion of the word, and by the places chosen
for the administration of the rite." Annot.
on Matt. 3 : 6 ; John 3 : 23.
Adam Clark, the great Methodist com-
mentator, says : " Alluding to the immer-
tions practiced in the case of adults, wherein
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 91
the person appeared to be buried under the
water as Christ was buried in the heart of
the earth." Com. on Col. 2 : 12.
Frederick Meyer, one of the ablest
and most accurate exegetes of the present
age, says : " Immersion, which the word in
classic Greek aud in the New Testament
ever means." Com. on Mark 7 : J/,.
Dean Alford says : " The baptism was
administered by the immersion of the whole
person." Greek Testament, Matt. 3 : 6.
Bishop Bossuet, the celebrated French
Catholic bishop, orator and counselor of
state, says : " To baptize, signifies to plunge,
as is granted by all the world." See Sten-
nett ad Russen, p. 17 J/,.
Dr. Schaff, the well-known church his-
torian, says : " Immersion, and not sprink-
ling, was unquestionably the original form.
This is shown by the very meaning of the
words baptizo, baptis-ma, and baptismos used
to designate the rite." Hist. Apos. Ch., p.
iS8. Merc, ed., 1851. Also see Noel on
Bap, Ch. 3, sec. 8.
Dean Stanley, the distinguished schol-
ar, and historian of the Oriental Church, says :
" The practice of the Eastern Church, and
the meaning of the word, leave no sufficient
92 STANDARD MANUAL
ground for question that the original form
of baptism was complete immersion in the
deep baptismal waters." Hist. Eastern
Church, p. 3£.
Prof. Fisher, of Yale College, the
accomplished scholar and historian, says of
the apostolic age : " The ordinary mode of
baptism was by immersion." Hist. Christ.
Church, p. Jfl.
Prof. Riddle says : " There is no doubt
that the usual mode of administering bap-
tism in the early church, was by immersion,
or plunging the whole body of the person
baptized under water." Christ. Antio., p.
602.
Add to the above the testimony of Bishops
Taylor and Sherlock, Witsius, Poole, Vit-
ringa, Diodati, Calvin, Samuel Ciark,
Bloomfield, Scholz, Neander, and many
others to the same effect, none of whom
were Baptists.
APOSTOLICAL ALLUSIONS.
What idea could the apostle have had as
to the nature of baptism, when in two of
his epistles he alludes to it as a burial
except that it was a dipping or burial b
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 98
water ? To the Romans he says : " There-
fore we are buried with him, by baptism,
into death." (Rom. 6 : 4.) To the Colos-
eians, in nearlv the same language, "Buried
with him in baptism." (Col. 2 : 12.) No
one can misunderstand the meaning of these
words. Neither sprinkling, pouring, wash-
ing, cleansing — nothing but a complete sub-
mersion — can represent a burial. And no
candid mind could misunderstand such lan-
guage, unless blinded or biased by preju-
dice, education, or sophistical reasoning from
others.
Archbishop Tillotson makes this com-
ment : " Anciently those who were baptized
were immersed and buried in the w r ater, to
represent their death to sin ; and then did
rise up out of the water, to signify their
entrance upon a new life. And to this cus-
tom the Apostle alludes." Works, Vol. I,
p. 179.
John Wesley, the celebrated founder of
Methodism, says : " Buried with him, allud-
ing to the ancient manner of baptizing by
immersion." Note on Rom. 6 : 4-
Conybeabe says : "This passage cannot
be understood unless it be borne in mind
that the primitive baptism was by immer~
94 STANDARD MANUAL
lion" Life and Epist. St. Paul, Rom.
6.-4-
Bloomfield says : " Here is a plain allu-
sion to the ancient custom of baptizing by
immersion; and I agree with Koppe and
Rosenmuller, that there is reason to regret
it should ever have been abandoned in most
Christian churches; especially as it has so
evident a reference to the mystical sense of
baptism." Recens. Synop., Rom. 6 : 4>-
Whitefield says : " It is certain that
in the words of our text (Rom. 6 : 4) there
is an allusion to the manner of baptizing,
which was by immersion" Eighteen Ser-
mons, p. 297.
Meyee says : " The candidate says to him-
self, now I enter into fellowship with the
death of Christ; I am to be buried with
Christ in the immersion, and in the emersion
I rise with Christ to newness of life." Com.
on Rom. 6 : 4,.
Add to these the names of Bishop FelL,
Dr. Doddridge, Adam Clark, Estius, Mai-
donatus, Fritsche, Benson, Diodati, Tur-
retin, Zwingli, Whitby, Samuel Clarke, with
others equally good in authority, and what
no one ought to question seems to be put
beyond doubt.
FOE BAPTIST CHURCHES. M
THE WITNESS OF HISTORY.
Learned and devout men have studied
with care the early records of Christianity,
and have written histories of the doctrines
and customs of the churches, during the
ages immediately succeeding the Apostles.
What do they tell us as to the use of bap-
tism during the first centuries after Christ?
Barnabas, the companion of St. Paul,
Hermas, writing about a. d. 95; Justin
Martyr, about A. D. 140 ; Tertullian, about
A. D. 204 j Hippolytus, about A. D. 225 ;
Gregory, about a. d. 360 ; Basil, about a. d.
360; Ambrose, about a. d. 374; Cyril*
about A. D. 374 ; Chrysostom, about A. D.
400 ; all speak of being dipped, or buried }
or immersed, or plwiged in the water in
baptism ; and none of them make the least
allusion to any application of water to the
person for baptism, by sprinkling, pouring,
washing, or any other mode whatever.
Dr. Wall, whose learned and laborious
researches in connection with his exhaustive
work on the History of Infant Baptism
left little for others to discover in this field
of scholarship, says : " The Greek Church in
all its branches does still use immersion, and
96 STANDARD MANTJAjl
so do all other Christians in the vorld,
except the Latins. All those nations that
do now, or formerly did submit to the Bishop
of Rome, do ordinarily baptize their chil-
dren by pouring or sprinkling. But all
other Christians in the world, who never
owned the Pope's usurped power, do and
ever did dip their infants in the ordinary
use. All the Christians in Asia, all in Africa,
and about one-third in Europe are of the
last sort." Hist Inf. Bap., Vol. II, p.
876, 3d ed.
Bingham, in his Origines, the ablest
work we have in English on Christian An-
tiquities, says : " The ancients thought that
immersion, or burying wnder water, did more
lively represent the death, burial, and resur-
rection of Christ, as well as our own death
to sin and rising again unto righteousness."
Christ. Antiq., B. XL, Ch. XL
Mosheim says : " In this century {the
1st) baptism was administered in convenient
places, without the public assemblies, and
bv immersing the candidate wholly in water."
Eccl. Hist. Cent. L, Part IL, Ch. 4.
Neander says : " In respect to the form
of Baptism, it was in conformity to the origi-
nal institution, and the original import of
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 97
the symbol, performed by immersion, as a
sign of entire baptism into the Holy Spirit,
of being entirely penetrated with the same."
Ch. Bid., Vol. I., p. 810. Also, Plant, and
Train., Vol. L, p. 222.
Schaff says : " Finally, so far as it re-
spects the mode and manner of outward
baptizing, there can be no doubt that immer-
sion, and not sprinkling, was the original
normal form." Hist. Christ. Ch., p. 488.
Pressestse says : " Baptism, which was the
sign of admission into the church, was ad-
ministered by immersion. The convert was
plunged beneath the water, and as he rose
from it he received the laying on of hands."
Early Years of Christianity, p. 874-
Kurtz says : " Baptism took place by a
x>mplete immersion.^ Church History, p.
n.
Kraus says: "Baptism was performed
by immersion in the name of the Trinity."
Church History, p. 56. 1882.
Ellicott says : " Jewish ablutions arrived
at a ceremonial purity in the Levitical sense,
and had nothing in common with the figur-
ative act which portrayed through immersion
the complete disappearance of the old nature,
and by the emerging again the beginning of
08 STANDARD MANUAL
a totally new life." Life of Christ* «.
110.
FOR THIRTEEN CENTURIES.
It is proven that, not only was immer-
sion practiced for baptism by Christ and
his Apostles, but that for many ages after
nothing else was known as baptism ; and
that for thirteen hwndred years it was the
common and prevailing form over the
whole Christian world, with only exceptional
departures, hereafter to be noticed. And
that though the Latin or Roman Church
did finally adopt sprinkling, claiming the
right to change ordinances, the Greek and
all the Oriental churches retained dipping,
as they do to this day.
Dr. Stackhouse says : " Several authors
have shown and proved that this manner of
immersion continued, as much as possible to
be used for thirteen hwndred years after
Christ?" Hist Bible, B. 8, Ch. 1.
Bishop Bossuet says : " We are able to
make it appear, by the acts of councils and
by ancient rituals, that for thirteen hundred
years baptism was thus administered [by
immersion] throughout the whole church,
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 99
as far as possible." OUed f Stennd ad
Bussen p. 176.
Hagenbach says : " From the thirteenth
oentury sprinkling came into more general
use in the West. The Greek Church, how-
ever, and the church of Milan still retained
the practice of immersion" Hist. Dod.
Vol. IL y p. 8h note 1.
Van Oostekzee, says : " This sjtrinUmg y
which appears to have first come generally
into use in the thirteenth century in place of
the entire immersion of the body, in imita-
tion of the previous baptism of the sick,
has certainly this imperfection, that the sym-
bolical character of the act is expressed by
it much less conspicuously than by complete
immersion and burial under the water."
Christ Dogmat., Vol. IL, p. 7jB.
Coleman says : " The practice of immer-
sion continued even until the thirteenth or
fourteenth century. Indeed, it has never
been formally abandoned." Anc. Christ,
JExemp Gi. 19, Sec. W.
To the same effect is the testimony of
Drs. Brenner, Yon Colin, Winer, Augusti,
Bingham, and others.
100 STANDARD MANUAL
AS TO THE GREEK CHURCH.
It is a notable fact, and worthy of record
in this discussion, that the Greek Church
has always retained immersion in baptism
This church extends over Greece, Russia,
Arabia, Palestine, Abyssinia, Siberia, and
other Oriental countries. Like the Latin
Church, it has corrupted the primitive purity
of gospel doctrine and practice with many
absurd glosses and superstitious rites. It
practices infant baptism, yet it is by dip-
ping, even in the severe climate of Siberia ;
and it uses trine immersion, or dipping the
candidate three times, once to each of the
names iu the sacred Trinity. But in all its
branches immersion is retained.
The Edinburg Encyclopedia says :
" The Greek Church, as well as the Schis-
matics in the East, retained the custom of
immersing the whole body ; but the Western
Church adopted, in the thirteenth century,
the mode of sprinkling, which has been
continued by the Protestants, Baptists only
excepted." Ency. Edin., Art. Baptism.
These statements are fully confirmed by
Stourdza, Ricaut, Deylingiua, Buddeus,
Wall, King, Broughton, Stanley, Coleman,
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHE8. 101
wnd others, who have written on the state
and history of the Greek Church.
THE DESIGN OF BAPTISM.
Whi.t was baptism intended to represent?
As a religious rite it meant something, had
some symbolic force, and represented some
moral or spiritual fact or truth. Its mean-
ing was clearly this : to show forth the
death, burial, and resurrection of Christ,
who died for our sins, and rose again for
our justification. And every believer who
receives this ordinance, professes thereby to
have faith in the merits of Christ's death,
as the ground of his own hope of salvation ;
to have fellowship also with his sufferings,
and makes a declaration of his own death
to sin, and rising to a new life in Christ
It also typifies the washing of regeneration ;
it further declares the candidate's hope of a
resurrection from the dead, even as Christ,
into the likeness of whose death he is
buried, was raised up by the glory of the
Father. Chiefly death, burial, and resur-
rection ; the great facts of redemptive grace
are by it set forth. Immersion in baptism
does teach all this, and immersion alone can
teach it Careful students of the New
102 STANDARD MANUAL
Testament have clearly seen this, and very
generally confessed it, whatever may have
been their practice.
Bishop Newton says : " Baptism was
usually performed by immersion, or dipping
the whole body under water, to represent
the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ,
and thereby signify the person's own dying
to sin, the destruction of its power, and his
resurrection to a new life." Pract. Expos.
Cate., p. 297.
Bloomfield, Barnes, Schaff, Poole,
Hammond, Barrows, Baxter, MacKnight,
Olshausen, Grotius, Saurin, Buddeus, Pic-
tetus, Fran ki us, Wall, Towerson, Adam
Clark, Tyndale, and others, bear similar tes-
timony as to the design of the ordinance,
and how it is answered in immersion only-
A SUFFICIENCY OF WATER.
There have been found persons so igno-
rant, or so weak, or so perverse in their
opposition to immersion, as to assert that
the Jordan was a small stream, so nearly
dry in the summer, that it had not sufficient
depth of water for the immersion of the
multitudes of the disciples of John and of
Jesus said to have been baptised in it ; and
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 103
dso that Jerusalem had no sufficient accom-
modation for the immersion of the thou-
sands of converts at the Pentecost, and on
subsequent occasions. People are becoming
more intelligent, and more candid, and it is
possible that such puerile objections are no
more heard. But it may be well to give
passing notice to the facts.
Dr. Edward Robinson, at that time
professor in the Union Theological Semi-
nary, New York City, in 1840, made a
careful survey of Palestine, including the
Jordan valley and river. His published
statements corroborate those of others pre-
viously made, as to the abundant supply of
water, both in the Jordan, and in the city
of Jerusalem. He cites the published
statements of earlier explorers, whose works
are known to the reading public. Seetzen,
who visited that country in 1806 ; Burk-
hardt, who explored it in 1812; Irby and
Mangles, in 1818 ; and Buckingham, who
traveled through it about the same time.
See Robimcm's Bib. Research, Vol. II. See.
10, pp 257-867.
Lieutenant Lynch, of the United
States Navy, was, in 1848, sent out by our
government in charge of an expedition te
104 STANDARD MANUAL
explore the river Jordan and the Dead
Sea. Dr. Thomson, for a quarter of a cen-
tury missionary in Syria and Palestine,
traversed the land in 1857, and Dean
Stanley in 1853, and others more recently.
For a complete refutation of such puerile
objections as those above mentioned, and a
confirmation of Baptist claims, 6ee the fol-
lowing works : Robinson's Biblical Re-
searches, Vol. II. Sec. 10, pp. 257-267.
Lynch's Dead Sea Expedition, Ch. 10 and
11. Thomson's The Land and the Book,
Vol. II. pp. 445-6. Stanley's Svria and
Palestine, Ch. 7, pp. 306-7. Barclay's
The City of the Great Kings, Ch. 10. An^
other citations in " Baptist Church Direct
ory."
THE RISE OF SPRINKLING.
The question will naturally arise, and
very properly, when did sprinkling for
baptism first come into use? And ho\t
came it to pass, that a human device super-
seded and took the place of a divine insti-
tution? These questions are fully and
satisfactorily answered, by Pedobaptisf
scholars themselves, whose testimony w€
aooept as a justification of Baptist views.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 106
For two hundred and fifty years after
Christ we have no evidence of any depart-
ure from the primitive practice of immer-
sion. At length the idea came to prevail
that baptism possessed saviug virtue, and
had power to purify and sanctify the soul,
making its salvation more secure. It was
consequently thought unsafe to die unbap-
tized. Here was the germ of the peroicious
dogma of " baptismal regeneration," the
foundation alike of infant baptism, and of
sprinkling instead of immersion.
The first authenticated instance of sprink-
ling occurred about the middle of the third
century, or A. D. 250. This was the case
of Novatian. The historian Eusebius gives
this case, and Dr. Wall in his laborious
researches could find no earlier instance ;
good evidence that no earlier existed.
Novatian was dangerously sick, and believ-
ing himself about to die, was anxious to be
baptized. The case seemed urgent, and as
he was thought to be too feeble to be
immersed, a substitute was resorted to,
water was poured profusely over him as he
lay in bed, so as to resemble as much as
possible a submersion. The word used to
describe this action (perichutheis, perfustu)
106 STANDARD MANUAL
has usually been rendered besprinkle; it
rather means to pour profusely over and
about one. This it was thought might
answer the purpose in such an emergency.
From this time onward pouring and
sprinkling were resorted to at times of
extreme illness, or feebleness, where persons
could not leave their beds, and hence was
termed clinic baptism, from clina, a couch.
But it was always regarded as a substitute
for baptism, rather than baptism itself; and
its validity was doubted. Novatian himself
having recovered from his sickness, was
objected to when his friends proposed to
make him bishop, because, it was said, he
had never been properly baptized. It was
not, however, until the seventeenth centur'
that sprinkling became common in Europe
in France first, and then extending through
those countries over which the pope held
sway. At length, accepted by Calvin and
the Genevan Church, it extended into Scot-
land, by John Knox, and other Scotch
refugees, who had found in Geneva a shel-
ter from the persecution to which they had
been exposed in their native country ; then
into England ; and in 1643 it was adopted
i* the exclusive mode of baptism by a
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. 107
majority of one in the Westminster Assem-
bly of Divines, and sanctioned by Parlia-
ment the next year. All of which is veri-
fied by Eusebius, Valesius, Wall, Salma-
sius, Venema, Taylor, Towerson, Grotius.
" Ency. Brit." ; " Edin. Eney," and other
reliable historical authorities. *
1 For more numerous citations on this subject, see the u Star
Book on Christian Baptism/' and " The Baptist Church Dtreo-
tery."
1M STANDARD MA27UAI.
CHAPTER XL
THE LORD'S SUPPER.
The Lord's Supper, called also tne
" Eucharist," and the " Communion," \s
the most sacred act of Christian worship,
and the highest expression of the mysteries
of our holy religion. It is a service in
which bread and wine — the loaf and the cup
— are used to represent the body and the
blood of Christ, the Lamb of God, slain foi
us. The bread is broken, distributed, and
eaten ; the wine is poured, distributed, and
drunk by the members of the assembled
church, to show the sacrifice of Christ, his
body broken, and his blood shed for their
redemption ; and that by his death they
have life. Being begotten of God through
the operation of the Spirit, their new life is
sustained and nourished by mystically feed-
ing on him who is the Bread of God, which
came down from heaven to give life to the
world. He said : " This do in remembrance
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 109
of me." " As oft as ye eat this bread
and drink the cup ye proclaim the Lord's
death, till he come." " Except ye eat the
flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood,
re have no life in you." " Whoso eateth
my * flesh and drinketh my blood, hath
eternal life." " He that eateth my flesh,
and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me,
and I in him." It is a divine reality,
though a sublime mystery.
OPEN AND CLOSE COMMUNION.
The controversy between Baptists and
other denominations, so far as the Lord's
Supper is concerned, has no reference to its
nature, the purpose for which it was insti-
tuted, the manner of its administration, or
the effect of the elements on the participants.
It has reference simply to the proper sub-
jects for participation in the privilege.
Who may, and who may not properly and
of right come to the Lord's Table ? On
the question of what are the Scriptural
qualifications of participants, Baptists and
Pedobaptists differ — differ not as to the
general rule to be applied, but as to its par-
ticular application. And this particular
application leads to the controversy on
10
110 STANDARD MANUAL
what is called " close communion," as prac-
ticed by Baptists, and to what is called
" open communion" as practiced by Pedo-
baptists.
Wliat is open communion f Open, tree
or mixed communion is, strictly speaking,
iiat which allows any one who desires, and
relieves himself qualified, to come to the
Lord's Table, without any questions being
asked, or conditions imposed by the church
in which the ordinance is observed. But
ordinarily the term is applied to the prac-
tice of the greater part of the Pedobaptist
churches, which hold that sprinkling is law-
ful baptism, and invite, not all persons, but
members of all evangelical churches, what-
ever be their view of church order and
ordinances ; holding them all as being bap-
tized because they have been sprinkled.
What is close communion f Close,
strict, or restricted communion is, properly
speaking, that which does not invite all
indiscriminately to the Lord's Table, but
restricts the privilege to a particular class.
But ordinarily the term is applied to the
practice of Baptist churches, which invite
only baptized believers, walking in orderly
fellowship in their own churches. And by
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. Ill
baptized believers, they mean, of course,
immersed believers ; not admitting sprink-
ling to be baptism at all.
ONE AND THE SAME RULE.
Observe further : That Baptists and Pedo-
baptists have one and the same rule in
theory as to the proper qualification for
participants, namely, they all hold that
baptism is a prerequisite. That unbaptized
persons have no legal right to the Lord's
Supper, and cannot consistently be invited
to it. Pedobaptists would not invite unbap-
tized persons to the Lord's Table, however
good Christians, since such could not
become church members, and the Supper is
for those within the church, not for the
outside world. For though a few churches
and a few pastors, who in their extreme
liberality might be disposed to invite every-
body to the sacred ordinance, yet such a
course would be contrary to their denomi-
national standards, and opposed to the
usages of tb^ir churches generally.
Further observe: They all practice a
restriction, nince they restrict the privilege
to a part r <;ular class ; namely, baptized
believers, Talking in orderly church fellow-
U2 STANDARD MANUAL
ship. But Baptists and Pedobaptists differ
as to what constitutes baptism, the one
rejecting, and the other accepting the valid-
ity of sprinkling. Thus Baptists' custom
is nWe " close" and Pedobaptists' is more
" open" by the difference between their
views of baptism ; and by that difference
only. Therefore, it is manifest that the
question so called of " close " and " open ''
communion is really not a question of
" communion " at all, but of what consti-
tutes Scriptural baptism. Let that be
settled, and the controversy as to the restric-
tion of the Lord's Supper will cease.
THE BAPTIST POSITION.
Baptists hold that there are three impera-
tive conditions precedent to the privileges
of the Lord's Supper. 1. Regeneration.
No unconverted person can with pro-
priety, or of right, eat and drink at that
sacred feast, in commemoration of Christ's
death. They must be persons dead to sin,
and alive to God ; born again, through the
operation of the Spirit. 2. Baptism. Bur-
ied with Christ in baptism on a profession
oi faith in him. No person, however good,
and however manifestly regenerate, is pre-
FOB BAPTIST CHUKCHES. 118
oared without baptism, according to the
divine order, to receive the Supper. With-
out baptism he cannot enter the fellowship
of the church, where the Supper alone is
to be enjoyed. 3. An orderly walk is neces-
sary. An upright and consistent Christian
walk, and godly conversation among the
saints, and before the world. For though
one may be truly regenerate, and properly
baptized, yet if he be a disorderly walker,
violating his covenant obligations, living in
sin, and bringing reproach on the Christian
profession, he has no right to sit at the
Lord's Table.
The ordinances are a sacred trust which
Christ has committed to the churches as
custodians, and which they are to watch
and guard from all profane intrusion, and
improper use, with the most sedulous
fidelity. Baptists believe that in order to
maintain the purity and spirituality of the
churches, it is necessary to maintain the
ordinances pure ; and especially necessary
to restrict the Supper to regenerate and
godly persons, baptized on a profession of
their faith, into the fellowship of the saints.
To adopt any other rule, or to allow any
larger liberty, would break down the dis-
10*
114 STANDAKI) MANUAJL
tinction between the church and the world ;
would bring in a carnal and unconverted
membership, and transfer the sacred mys-
teries of the body and the blood of Christ
from the temple of God to the temple of
Belial. This would be disloyalty to Christ.
The apostolic plan was as follows : Those
who believed, and gladly received the ivard,
were baptized. Then they were added to
the chwrch. Then they continued steadfast
in the apostles' doctrine, and fellowship, and
in breaking of bread, and in prayer.
Notice, they were not baptized till they
had received the word and believed. They
were not added to the church till they had
believed and been baptized. They did not
engage in the breaking of bread (that is,
the Supper), till they had believed, been
baptized, and were added to the church.
This is the divine order ; and this is the
order which Baptists maintain and defend.
PEDOBAJPTIST CLOSE COMMUNION.
It has already been shown that Pedobap-
tiste themselves practice a restricted or close
communion, limiting the privilege to bap-
tized (as they call them) members of evan-
gelical churches, and that their communion
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHES. 116
is more liberal than that of the Baptists only,
and only by so much as their baptism (so-
called) is more liberal than that of Baptists.
But in some respects Pedobaptists practice
a " close communion," restrictive in its con-
ditions, far beyond anything known to Bap-
tists whose illiberality they are accustomed
to magnify. They exclude a large class of
their own members from the Lord's Table —
namely, baptized children! Baptists do not
deny the Lord's Supper to their own members
in good standing. If children are suitable
subjects for baptism, it seems most unreason-
able and unjust to deny them the Supper.
If they can be benefited by one ordinance,
can they not be equally benefited by the
other ? If they can receive the one on the faith
of sponsors, can they not receive the other in
the same way ? Who has authorized parents
or ministers to give baptism to unconverted
and unconscious children, and refuse them
the Lord's Supper? By denying the Sup-
per to baptized children, Pedobaptists art
contrary to the traditions of the ancient
churches, which they are accustomed to cite
with so much assurance, in defense of infant
baptism. Do they not know that those
ancient churches (not the primitive churches)
116 STANDARD MANUAL
gave the Lord's Supper to infants for many
centuries? And the Greek Church, through
all its branches, continues still the same
practice.
Dr. Coleman says : "After the general
introduction of infant baptism, in the second
and third centuries, the sacrament continued
to be administered to all who had been bap-
tized, whether infants or adults. The reason
alleged by Cyprian and others for this
practice was, that age was no impediment.
Augustine strongly advocates the practice.
The custom continued for several centuries.
It is mentioned in the third Council of
Tours, a. D. 813; and even the Council
of Trent, A. D. 1545, only decreed that it
should not be considered essential to salva-
tion. It is still scrupulously observed by
the Greek Church." Anc. Christ. JExemp. f
Ch. 28, Sec. 8; Bing. Orig., B. 16, Ch. 4,
Sec. 7. Many other writers bear the same
Itstimony.
THE POWER OP 8YMPATHY.
There is a small class of Baptists who are
at times inclined to desire, and it may be, to
seek a wider liberty at the Lord's Table
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. H7
than they find accorded in their own churches.
The one prevailing argument with them is
tympathy. To them it seems kindly and
fraternal to invite all who say they love our
common Lord and Saviour to unite in com-
memorating his death in the Supper. Even
if they have not been baptized, they them-
selves believe they have, and they are good
Christian people. "Why stand upon a
technicality ? " they say. To such the ser-
vice is merely a sentimental service ; a
kind of love feast to show Christian fel-
lowship, rather than an instituted com-
memoration of their dying Lord. They
have neither Scripture, logic, expediency,
the scholarship, nor the concurrent practice
of Christendom, either past or present, to
sustain their position. But sympathy influ-
ences them ; yet sympathy should not con-
trol conduct in matters of faith, or in acta
of conscience. It is a grave perversion
when affection for his disciples sways us
more than fidelity to our Lord. We should
not be so kind to them as to be untrue to
him. Sincere Christians will honor those
who are loyal to Christ, even though they
differ in opinion.
118 STANDARD MANUAL
THREE FACTS EXPLAINED.
Baptists give the following reasons in justi-
fication of their course in the following cases :
1. They do not invite Pedobaptists to the
Lord's Supper with them, because such per-
sons are not baptized, as has been shown,
they being simply sprinkled. They may
be true converts, and have the spiritual
qualifications, but they are destitute of the
ceremonial qualification — baptism. The
"buried in baptism" comes before the
" breaking of bread."
2. They do not accept the invitation of
Pedobaptist churches to eat at the Lord's
Table with them, for the same reason ; they
are not baptized Christians. And while
they appreciate their Christian fellowship,
they could not accept their church fellow-
ship, and sit at the Lord's Table with them,
without accepting their sprinkling and in-
dorsing their baptismal errors.
3. They do not invite immersed members
of Pedobaptist churches to the Lord's Supper
with them, because such persons, though they
may be truly regenerate and properly bap-
tized, are walking disorderly by remaining
b\ and giving countenance to churches which
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHES. 119
hold and practice serious errors as to both
the ordinances. These churches use sprink-
ling for baptism and administer the ordi-
nance to infants, both of which are unscript-
urai. And yet such persons, by remaining
in them, encourage and support these errors,
instead of protesting against them by leaving
them. They insist on immersion for them-
selves, and yet by a strange inconsistency
give their fellowship and influence to per-
petuate and sanction sprinkling for others.
This is inconsistent and disorderly Christian
walking ; and, therefore, very properly,
Baptists decline to invite them to the Lord's
Supper.
PEDOBAPTIST WITNESSES.
In further proof that the position of
Baptists as to the Lord's Supper is correct
and Scriptural ; that the difficulty lies with
baptism, and not with the Supper ; and that
they must still continue to restrict the ordi-
nance to baptized believers, or else admit
that sprinkling is baptism, we cite the
concessions of distinguished Pedobaptist
scholars and divines in evidence on our side.
Justin Maktyk, one of the early Christian
Fathers, says of the Supper: "This food is
120 STANDARD MANUAL
called by us the Eucharist, of which it
is not lawful for auy one to partake but
such as believe the things taught by us
to be true, and have been baptized. " Apol.
1. C. 65, 66. See Schafs Church Hist Ch.
2, p. 516.
Mosheim, in his Church History, says :
" Neither those doing penance, nor those not
yet baptized, were allowed to be present at
the celebration of this ordinance." Eccl.
Hist., Cent 3, Part 2, Ch. 4, Set. 3.
Neander, the great Church historian,
says : " At this celebration, as may be easily
concluded, no one could be present who
was not a member of the Christian Church,
and incorporated into it bv the rite of bap-
tism." Ch. Hkt, Vol. L, 327. Boston,
1849.
Cave, one of the ablest writers on Chris-
tian Antiquities, says the participants in the
primitive church were those " that had
embraced the doctrine of the gospel, and
had been baptized into the faith of Christ.
For, looking upon the Lord's Supper ad
the highest and most solemn act of religion,
they thought they could never take care
enough in the dispensing of it." Prim.
Christ, Part I.. Ch. 11, p. 333.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 12)
Bingham, in his able work on the An-
tiquities of the Christian Church, says of the
early Christians : " As soon as a man was
baptized he was communicated " — that is,
admitted to the communion. Baptism,
therefore, essentially preceded the Supper.
—Christ Aniiq. B. 19 y Ch. 4, Sec. 9, B. 16.
Ch.3.
Dr. Wall, who searched the records of
antiquity for facts illustrating the history of
the ordinances, says : " No church ever gave
the communion to any persons before they
were baptized. Among all the absurdities
that were ever held, none ever maintained
that any person should partake of the com-
munion before he was baptized." Hist.
Inf. Bap , Part 1L, Ch. 9.
Dr. Coleman says of the early churches :
' None indeed but believers in full commu-
nion with the church were permitted to
be present." " But agreeably to all the
Jaws and customs of the church, baptism
jonstituted membership with the church.
•All baptized persons were legitimately num-
bered among the communicants as members
of the church." Anc. Christ. Exemp., Ch.
21 Sec. 8.
Dr. Sch aff says : " The communion was
n
122 STANDARD MANUAL
a regular part, and, in fact, the most import-
ant and solemn part of the Sunday worship,
.... in which none but full members of
the church could engage." Ch. ffisL, Vol.
L, p. 392. New York, 1871.
Dr. Doddridge says : " It is certain that
so far as our knowledge of primitive antiquity
reaches, no unbaptized person received the
Lord's Supper." Lectures, pp. 511, 512.
Dr. Dick says : " An uncircumcised man
was not permitted to eat the Passover ; and
an unbaptized man should not be permitted
to partake of the Eucharist." TheoL, Vol.
II, p. 220.
Dr. Baxter says : " What man dares
go in a way which hath neither precept nor
example to warrant it, from a way that
hath full current of both ? Yet they that
will admit members into the visible church
without baptism do so." Plain Scripture
Proof, p. 2£
Dr. Dwight, President of Yale College,
and author of " Systematic Theology," says:
" It is an indispensable qualification for this
ordinance that the candidate for communion
be a member of the visible church in full
standing. By this, I intend that he should
) « a man of piety ; that he should have
FOB BAPTI8T CHURCHES. 123
made a public profession of religion, and
that he should have been baptized." Syat
Theol, Ser. 160, B. 8, Ch. 4, Sec. 7.
Dr. Griffin, one of the fathers of New
England Congregationalism, says : " I agree
with the advocates of close communion in
two points: 1. That baptism is the initia-
tory ordinance which introduces us into the
visible church ; of course, where there is no
baptism, there are no visible churches. 2.
That we ought not to commune with those
who are not baptized, and of course not
church members, even if we regard them as
Christians." Letter on Baptism, 1829 ', cited
by Ourtis on Com., p. 125.
Dr. Hibbard, a leading Methodist scholar
and divine, says : " In one principle Baptist
and Pedobaptist churches agree. They
both agree in rejecting from communion at
the table of the Lord, and in denying the
rights of church fellowship to all who have
not been baptized." And with admirable
frankness, he adds : " The charge of dose
communion is no more applicable to the
Baptists than to us [Pedobaptists] ; inso-
much as the question of church fellowship
with them is determined by as liberal prin-
ciples as it is with any other Protestant
124 STANDARD MANUAL
churches, so far, I mean, as the present sub-
ject is concerned — i. e., it is determined by
valid baptism" Hibbard on Christ. Bap.,
P. II, p. 17 %
Dk. Bullock, another Methodist divine,
says : " Close communion, as it is generally
termed, is the only logical and consistent
course for Baptist churches to pursue. If
their premises are right, their conclusion is
surely just as it should be." And he com-
mends the firmness of Baptists in not invit-
ing to the communion those whom they
regard as un baptized. He says : " They do
not feel willing to countenance such laxity
in Christian discipline. Let us honor
them for their steadfastness in maintaining
what they believe to be a Bible precept,
rather than criticise and censure because
they differ with us concerning the intent
and mode of Christian baptism, and believe
it to be an irrepealable condition of coming
to the Lord's table." What Christians
Believe.
The Independent, one of the most
widely circulated, and perhaps the most in-
fluential Pedobaptist paper in the country t in
an editorial, says : " Leading writers of all
denominations declare that converts mast be
FOB BAPTIST CHUBCHE8. 125
baptized before they can be invited to the
communion table. This is the position
generally taken. But Baptists regarding
sprinkling as a nullity — no baptism at all —
look upon Presbyterians, Methodists, and
others, as unbaptized persons." "The
other churches cannot urge the Baptists to
become open communionists till they them-
selves take the position that all who love
our Lord Jesus Christ, the unbaptized as
well as the baptized, may be invited to
the communion table." Editorial, July,
1879.
The Congregationalist, the organ of
the New England Congregational Churches,
in an editorial, says : " Congregationalists
have uniformly, until here and there an ex-
ception has arisen of late years, required
baptism and church membership as the pre-
requisite of a seat at the table of the Lord.
It is a part of the false ' liberality ' which
now prevails in certain quarters, to welcome
everybody ' who thinks he loves Christ ' to
commune in his body and blood. Such a
course is the first step in breaking down
that distinction between the church and the
world, which our Saviour emphasized ; and
h seems to us it is an unwise and mistaken
11*
12«5 STANDARD MANUAL
act for which no Scriptural warrant exists,*
Editorial, July 9 y 1879.
The Observer, of New York, the oldest
and leading Presbyterian journal of this
country, said : " It is not a want of charity
which compels the Baptist to restrict his
invitation. He has no hesitation in admit-
ting the personal piety of his unimmersed
brethren. Presbyterians do not invite the
unbaptized, however pious they may be. It
is not uncharitable. It is not bigotry on
the part of Baptists to confine their com-
munion to those whom they consider the
baptized."
The Interior, of Chicago, the organ of
Western Presbyterians, said : " The differ-
ence between our Baptist brethren and our-
selves is an important difference. We agree
with them, however, in saying that unbap-
tized persons should not partake of the
Lord's Supper. Their view compels them
to think that we are not baptized, and shuts
them up to close communion. Close com-
munion is, in our judgment, a more defensi-
ble position than open communion, which is
justified on the ground that baptism is not
a prerequisite to the Lord's Supper. To
charge Baptists with bigotry becanse they
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 127
•bide by the logical consequences of their
system is absurd."
The Christian Advocate, of New York,
the leading journal of American Methodists,
said : " The regular Baptist churches in the
United States may be considered to-day as
practically a unit on three points — the non-
use of infant baptism, the immersion of
believers only upon a profession of faith,
and the administration of the holy commu-
nion to such only as have been immersed
by ministers holding these views. In our
opinion the Baptist Church owes its amazing
prosperity largely to its adherence to these
views. In doctrine and government, and
in other respects, it is the same as the Con-
gregationalists. In numbers, the regular
Baptists are more than six times as great as
the Congregationalism. It is not bigotry
to adhere to one's convictions, providing
the spirit of Christian love prevails/'
The Episcopal .Recorder said : " The
close communion of the Baptist churches is
but the necessary sequence of the funda-
mental idea out of which their existence
has grown. No Christian Church would
willingly receive to its communion even the
humblest and truest believer in Christ who
128 STANDARD MANUAL
had not been baptized. With Baptists, im-
mersion only is baptism, and they therefore
of necessity exclude from the Lord's Table
all who have not been immersed. It is an
essential part of the system — the legitimate
carrying out of the creed."
Bishop Coxe, of the Episcopal diocese of
Western New York, says : " The Baptists
hold that we have never been baptized, and
they must exclude us from their communion
table, if we were disposed to go there. Are
we offended ? Do we call it illiberal ? No ;
we call it principle, and we respect it. To
say that we have never become members of
Christ by baptism seems severe, but it is a
conscientious adherence to duty, as they re-
gard it I should be the bigot, and not
they, if I should ask them to violate their
discipline in this, or in any other particu-
lar." On Chris. Unity, in " Church Union,"
July, 189L
FOR BAPTIST CHUBCHE& 129
CHAPTER XII.
INFANT BAPTISM.
One of the customs held and upheld by
Pedobaptist churches, which Baptists seri-
ously condemn, is infant baptism. It is
practiced by both Roman Catholics and Pro-
testants as a religious institution; and
though not held as sacredly, or practiced as
widely as formerly, it still prevails to a
wide extent throughout the Christian world.
And yet it was not instituted by Christ, nor
practiced by his apostles, nor known in the
primitive churches, and has neither sanction
nor recognition in the word of God. It is
for this reason that Baptists utterly reject
and condemn the custom, as not simply use-
less and without authority, but as a most
pernicious and hurtful usage ; that it is in-
jurious both to the child that receives it,
and to the church which allows it, can be
easily shown. Baptism before faith, and
without a profession of it, contradicts and
180 STANDARD MAJSUAL
doea violence to all New Testament teach-
ing.
NOT OF SCRIPTURAL AUTHORITY.
Now, that infant baptism is not of Script-
ural authority, and was not known in the
first Christian ages, nearly all its advocates
and defenders have with considerable can-
dor admitted. Only a few of their historians
and scholars can be cited here.
Dr. William Wall, a learned divine
of the English Church, who wrote the His-
tory of Infant Baptism, a work so able
that the clergy in convocation assembled
gave him a vote of thanks for his defense
of the custom, says : " Among all the per-
sons that are recorded as baptized by the
Apostles, there is no express mention of
any infants/' Hist. Inf. Bap., Intro., pp.
1,65.
Thomas Fuller, the historian, says :
"We do freely confess there is neither ex-
press precepts nor precedent in the New
Testament for the Baptism of Infants/'
Infant* Advoc, pp. 71, 160.
Luther says : " It cannot be proved by
the sacred Scriptures that infant baptism was
instituted by Christ, or begun by th© fir^
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 131
Christians after the Apostles. Vanity of
Inf. Bap., Part II., p. 8.
Neander says : " Baptism was adminis-
tered at first only to adults, as men were
accustomed to conceive of baptism and faith
as strictly connected. We have all reason
for not deriving infant baptism from apos-
xolic instltution. ,, Ch. Hist., Vol. /., p. 311 ;
Plant, and. Train, Vol I., p. %22.
Prof. Lange says: "All attempts to
make out infant baptism from the New
Testament fail. It is totally opposed to the
spirit of the apostolic age, and to the funda-
mental principles of the New Testament."
Inf. Baptism, p. 101.
Prof. Jaoobi says: "Infant baptism
was established neither bv Christ, nor by
the Apostles." AH. Bap. Kvao'a Oycl Bib.
Lit.
Dr. BLanna says : " Scripture knows
nothing of the baptism of infants." North
Brit. Review. Aug., 18SS.
Prof. Hagenbach says : " The passages
from Scripture cited in favor of infant bap-
tism as a usnage of the primitive church are
doubtful, and prove nothing." Hist. I**L,
pp. 190, 193.
Bishop Burnett, Baxter, Good -in,
132 STANDARD MANUAL
Limborch, Celarius, Field, and many others
bear similar testimony.
WHEN DIB IT RISE?
Since the New Testament knows nothing
of infant baptism, and since it was neither
instituted by Christ, nor practiced by his
Apostles, what was its origin, and when did
it come into use ?
Tertullian is the first who mentions
the custom, and he opposes it. This was at
the close of the second century, or about a. d.
200. His opposition to it proves two thi ngs :
First, that it was in occasional use, at least.
Second, that it was of recent origin, since
had it been long used some earlier record of
it could be found. Neander, Ch. Hist,
Vol. L, p. 311.
Bingham could find no earlier allusion
to it than that of Tertullian, though he be-
lieved it arose earlier. It must, therefore,
as is generally agreed, have had its origin
about the beginning of the third century.
Curcelljeus says : " The baptism of in-
fants in the two first centuries after Christ
was altogether unknown ; but in the third
and fourth was allowed by some few. In
the fifth and following ages it was generally
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES, 133
received." Inst. Christ. Religion, B. I. f
Ch. 12.
Sajlmasius says : " In the first two cen-
turies no one was baptized, except, being
instructed in the faith and acquainted with
the doctrines of Christ, he was able to pro-
fess himself a believer." Hist. Bapt. Suicer.
Thesawr., Vol IL, p. 1136.
Such testimony is conclusive, and quite
sufficient, though much more of a similar
character might be added.
Bvi observe : That when the baptism of
children began, it was not that of uncon-
scious infants at all, as is now practiced, but,
as Bunsen declares, of " little growing chil-
dren, from six to ten years old." And he
asserts that Tertullian "does not say one
word of new-born infants." Cyprian, an
African bishop, at the close of the third cen-
tury, urged the baptism of infants proper,
because of the saving efficacy of the ordi-
nance ; and he is called the inventor, or
father, of infant baptism. BvmsevUs Hxppol
and His Age, Vol. III. , pp. 19%-6.
WHY DID IT RI8E?
There is even less difficulty in tracing the
cause than in finding the origin of infant
12
184 STANDARD MANUAL
baptism. It originated in a perversion of
Christian doctrine, and was itself the per-
version of a Christian ordinance.
All students of ecclesiastical history know
that at an early period corruptions per-
verted Christian faith and practice. Among
these, one of the earliest was that of an
undue efficacy attributed to baptism. Its
sanctity wms so exalted that it was believed
to have power to wash away sins, and
cleanse the soul for heaven. By it the sick
were supposed to be prepared for death,
and salvation made more certain by its effi-
cacy. Anxious parents therefore desired
their dying children to be thus prepared —
" washed in the laver of regeneration," as
it was termed — that they might be sure of
salvation. And here came in that perni-
cious error of " baptismal regeneration,"
which gave rise to infant baptism, and
which has through all these ages clung with
more or less pertinacity to the clergy and
laity of all churches which have practiced
it.
Salmasius says : " An opinion prevailed
that no one could be saved without being
baptized; and for that reason the custom
arose of baptizing infants." Epid. Ju%.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 135
Pae. See Booth's Pedo. Exam., Ch. III.,
Sec. 3.
Vekema declares that " the anciente con-
nected a regenerating power with baptism."
He cites Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clemens,
Tertullian, and Cyprian as holding that
opinion. Eccl. Hist., Vol. If., p. 3, Sees. 2,
3,k
Chkysostom, writing about a. d. 398, as
cited by Suicerus, says : " It is impossible
without baptism to obtain the kingdom,"
and as cited by Wall he says : " If sudden
death seize us before we are baptized, though
we have a thousand good qualities, there is
nothing to be expected but hell." Suicer.,
Thesaur. Eccl., Vol. I., p. 3.
Waddington, in his Church History,
says, in reference to the third century : " A
belief was gaining ground among the con-
verts, and was inculcated among the hea-
then, that the act of baptism gave remission
of all sins committed previously." Hist.
of Chwrch, Ch. II, p. S3.
Prof. Fisher says: "Very early baptism
was so far identified with regeneration as
to be designated by that term. This rite
was considered essential to salvation. A
virtue was believed to reside in the bap-
136 STANDARD MANUAL
tismal water itself." Hist. Christ. Ch. f p.
83.
Do its advocates and supporters hold the
same view now ? Do parents and ministers
still believe that the baptism of unconscious
infants secures, or makes more sure, their
salvation ? If not, why do they practice it ?
Prof. Lange's words are weighty, and
should be carefully pondered by Protestant
defenders of this Papal emanation. He
says : " Would the Protestant Church fulfill
and attain to its final destiny, the baptism
of new-born children must of necessity be
abolished. It has sunk down to a mere for-
mality, without any meaning for the child."
History of Protestantism, p. S %.
Many good people, familiar with infant
baptism and surrounded by its influences,
have naturally learned to reverence it as of
divine appointment, and some of them
really believe it is taught or sanctioned by
the New Testament. But Baptists are right
in rejecting it as something utterly without
foundation in the word of God.
HOUSEHOLD BAPTISMS.
Much stress is laid by some of the advo-
cates of infant baptism on the fact that in
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 137
the Acts of the apostles several cases of
household baptism are mentioned. And it
is asked with an air of assurance : " If en-
tire households were baptized, must there
not have been children among them ? And
were they not baptized also ? n To this it
is sufficient to reply, that nothing is said of
children, and we have no right to put into
the Scriptures what we do not find in them.
All inference that such households contained
infants, and that such infants were baptized,
is the purest fiction in the world. If Chris-
tian institutions could be built on so slight a
foundation as that, we could bring in all
the mummeries of the Greek or the Roman
Church, and all the ceremonies of the Mo-
saic ritual.
One thing is certain : if in those house-
holds any children were baptized, they were
old enough to receive the gospel and to be-
lieve on Christ, and were thus suitable sub-
jects for the ordinance, and for church fel-
lowship. For it is said, " They believed, and
gladly received the word. 17 There are thou-
sands of Baptist churches into whose fellow-
ship whole households have been baptized —
parents and children, and perhaps others
connected with them. But all were old
12*
1S& STANDARD MANUAL
enough to believe and to make profession of
their faith. So evidently it was in these
households.
The more prominent of these households
are that of Lydia, mentioned in Acts 16 ;
that of the Philippian jailer, mentioned also
in Acts 16 ; and that of Stephanas, men-
tioned in 1 Cor. 1. Now note what a few
distinguished Pedobaptist scholars say of
these cases.
Dr. Neander says : " We cannot prove
that the Apostles ordained infant baptism ;
from those places where the baptism of a
whole family is mentioned, we can draw no
such conclusion." Planting and Training,
p. 162, N. F. Ed., 1866.
Prof. Jacobi says : " In none of these
instances has it been proved that there were
little children among them." Kxttds Bib.
Oyc, Art. Bap.
Dr. Meyer says : " That the baptism of
children was not in use at that time appears
evident from 1 Cor. 7 : 14." Comment, on
Ads 16 : 16.
Dr. De Wette says : " This passage has
been adduced in proof of the apostolical
authority of infant baptism ; but there is
no proof here that any except adults were
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 139
v
baptized." Com. New Test., Ads 16:
16.
Dr. Olshauses says : " There is alto-
gether wanting any conclusive proof text
for the baptism of infants in the age of the
Apostles." Com. on Acts 16 : 15.
Bishop Bloomfield says of the jailer :
" It is taken for granted that his family
became Christians as well as himself."
Com. on Acts 16: 31.
Calvin, Doddridge, Henry, and other
commentators declare that in this case the
household all believed, and therefore were
baptized and did rejoice. MacKnight con-
siders the case of the household of Stephanas
as giving no countenance to the baptism of
infants. And with him agree Guise, Ham-
mond, Doddridge, and others.
As to the argument used by some, that
baptism came in the place of circumcision,
it is too weak and puerile, too far fetched
and destitute of reason, to claim the serious
regard of intelligent and candid minds.
140 STANDARD MANUAL
CHAPTER XIIL
CHUBCH GOVERNMENT.
A Christian church is a society with a
corporate life, organized on some definite
plan, adapted to some definite purpose, which
it proposes to accomplish. It has, therefore,
its officers and ordinances, its laws and regu-
lations, fitted to administer its government
and carry out its purposes. The question
then arises, What is the true and proper
form of church organization and govern-
ment ? We do not care to inquire as to the
various and contradictory forms, as we see
them about us in the different denomina-
tions, but what was the organic form and
government of the first churches, planted
by and moulded under the hands of Christ'g
inspired apostles.
There are three special and widely differ-
ent forms of church government which havf
fained prevalence in Christian communities
uring past ages, and which are still main
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 14i
fcained with varied success, each of which
claims to have been the original primitive
form :
1. The prelatical, in which the governing
power resides in prelates, or diocesan bish-
ops, and the higher clergy ; as in the Roman,
Greek, English, and most Oriental churches.
2. The presbyterian, in which the govern-
ing power resides in assemblies, synods, pres-
byteries, and sessions ; as in the Scottish
Kirk, the Lutheran, and the various Pres-
byterian churches.
3. The independent, in which the body
is self-governing, each single and local
church administering its own government
by the voice of the majority of its mem-
bers ; as among Baptists, Congregational-
ists, independents, and some other bodies.
Now which of these modes of church
life and administration is taught in the New
Testament, if either ? or which best accord?
with the constitution and government of the
apostolic churches ?
Baptists hold that each separate, local
church is an independent body, governing
itself according to the laws of Christ, as
found in the New Testament. That each
inch church is independent of all other
142 STANDARD MAFCAL
churches, and of all other persons, so far
as administration is concerned, owing comity
and fellowship to all, but allegiance and
submission to none. The government is
administered by the body of the members,
*vhere no one possesses a pre-eminence of
mthority, but each enjoys an equality of
rights, and in which, in matters of opinion,
■;he majority decides.
That this style of churoh structure is
according to the New Testament appears
evident from a study of the sacred records
themselves. The apostles treated the
churches as independent bodies. Their
epistles were addressed to the churches
as such ; they reported th«ir doings to
them ; enjoined upon them the duty of
discipline ; exhorted, instru'^ted, and re-
proved them as independent and responsible
bodies. They recognized the right of the
churches to elect their own teachers and
officers, a primary and fundamental right,
which, when conceded, supposes all other
rights and powers necessary to a self-gov-
erning community acting under divinely
given laws.
Neander, the distinguished historian* says
of the first age: "The churches w«ra ta ^ght
FOR BAPTIST CHUBCHE8. 143
to govern themselves." '* The brethren
chose their own officers from among them-
selves." " In respect to the election of
church officers, the ancient principle was
still adhered to: that the consent of the
community was necessary to the validity of
every such election, and each one was at
liberty to offer reasons against it." Introd.
Coleman's Prim. Christ y, p 19; Ch. Hist.,
Vol. I., p. 199; Plant and Train., p. 166.
Mosheim says of the first century : " In
those primitive times, each Christian Church
was composed of the people, the presiding
officers, and the assistants, or deacoiu. These
must be the component parts of every so-
ciety. The principal voice was that of the
people, or of the whole body of Christians."
" The assembled people, therefore, elected
their own rulers ana teachers." Of the
second century, he adds : " One president,
or bishop, presides over each church. He
was created by the common suirrages of the
people." " During a great part of this cen-
tury, all the churches continued to be, as at
first, independent of each other. Each church
was a kind of small, independent republic,
governing itself by its own laws, enacted, oi
at least sanctioned, by the people." EocL
144 STANDARD MANUAL
fl«*., Cent. 1, Part i, Ch. 2, See. 5, 6;
Cent, g, Ch. 2, Sec. 1, 8.
Coleman says : " These churches, where
ever formed, became separate and independ-
ent bodies, competent to appoint their own
officers and administer their own govern-
ment without reference or subordination to
any control, authority, or foreign power.
No fact connected with the history of the
primitive church is more fully established
or more generally conceded." Prim. Christ
Exempt., Ch. 4, Sec. 4, p. 95.
Archbishop Whately, Dr. Barrow,
Dr. Burton, Dr. Waddington, — all of them
Church of England divines, — fully agree
with this testimony, and confirm the evi-
dence cited.
Geiselek, the historian, says, concerning
early changes : " Country churches, which
had grown up around some city, seem, with
their bishops, to have been usually, in a
certain degree, under the authority of the
mother church. With this exception, all the
churches were alike independent, though
some were especially held in honor, on such
grounds as their apostolic origin, or the im-
portance of the city in which they were
■touted." Period 1, Div. 1, Ch. S, See. 58.
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. 146
situated." Period 1, Div. 1, Ch. 3, Sec.
62.
Farther discussion on this subject is not
needed. The point is proven, and the inde-
pendent form of church government is man-
ifestly primitive and apostolic, as advocated
and practiced by Baptists.
146 STANDARD MANUAL
CHAPTER XIV.
CHURCH OFFICERS.
How many, and what are the Scripturaj
officers of a Christian church? For a
church, being a society, must have not only
laws, but officers to execute them. How
many orders are there in the ministry?
These are questions which have at times
greatly divided the Christian world.
Baptists assert that the officers of a church
are two, — and of right, can be no more, —
pastor and deacons. In this opinion agree
some other denominations, while the various
Episcopal sects insist that there should be
three sects — deacons, priests, and bishops, to
which the Church of England adds arch-
bishops. Others add to this number in-
definitely ; and the Romish Church carries
the list up to ten or twelve, ending with the
pope. Now it is not so much what this
church teaches or practices, but on wb*$
basis were the primitive churches — tb«
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 147
churches of inspiration — organized. Qui
Lord did not live to shape, and model, and
put in order all things for the full equip-
ment of his people, that they might be
thoroughly furnished unto all good works,
but he did give to his apostles a spirit of
wisdom by which they should be able to do
all this, and carry out his plans, in the or-
ganization oi his kingdom after he had left
them. We assume that the first churches
were organized on the divine plan, and seek
to ascertain what that plan was.
In the New Testament, the words bishops
presbyter, elder are used to designate church
officers. They all, however, designate the
same office, and tnerefore officially mean the
same thing ; indeed, they are not unfre-
quently applied to the same individual.
The bishop — called also presbyter, or elder
— was the pastor, or overseer of the spiritual
flock, watching, guiding, and feeding it, as
the shepherd does his sheep. The deacons
were chosen to attend to the temporal inter-
ests of the church, as appears by the election
of the seven, recorded in the sixth chapter
of Acts. This was done in order that the
apostles might be free from the temporal
cares, and thus able to give their attention
148 STANDARD MAJTUAIi
more exclusively to the spiritual welfare of
the people. The word deacon means a mirv-
ister, a servant. It is sometimes applied to
the apostles, and even to Christ himself, in
that general sense as one who " came, not to
be ministered unto, but to minister, and to
give his life a ransom for many." Some of
the first deacons were also efficient preachers
of the gospel, but their work as deacons
pertained to other service in the churches.
While, therefore, the deacon is a church
officer, his office does not constitute an order
in the ministry at all, its functions belong-
ing to temporal concerns, and not to a spir-
itual service. The service usually performed
by clerks, trustees, and the like, it may be
presumed, so far as such service was needed
in the first churches, was devolved on the
deacons.
Pastors, by whatever name they may
have been known, had the same service,
and were of the same grade, dignity, and
authority. In the first churches there were
no high orders of clergy placed over lower
grades, and over the churches ruling with
superior authority. All were equals among
equals, and all equally ministered to the
churches. If in the same church there
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 149
might chance to be several to whom the
titles bishop, presbyter, or elder were applied,
they were all of equal rank or authority,
though one might be selected to serve a#
the pastor of the church, and devote him
self to its local interests ; while the others
might give themselves to more general mis-
sionary work.
Neander says : " The word 'presbyter, or
elder, indicates rather the dignity ol the
office, since presbyters among the Jews were
usually aged and venerable ; while bishop,
or episoopos, designated the nature of their
work as overseers, or pastors of the churches.
The former title was used by Jewish Chris-
tians as a name familiar in the synagogue;
while the latter was chiefly used by the
Greek and other Gentile converts, as more
familiar and expressive to them." a They
were not designed to exercise absolute au-
thority, but to act as presiding officers and
guides of an ecclesiastical republic : to con-
duct all things, with the co-operation of the
communities, as their ministers, and not as
their masters." Introd. to Cole. Prim. Ch.,
p. 20; Ch. Hist. Vol. 1., p. 18+; ^tcurd.
and Train., p. H7.
Mosheim says: "The rulers of tht
1*
150 STANDARD MANUAL
churches were denominated sometime* pres-
byters, or elders, a designation borrowed
from the Jews, and indicative rather of the
wisdom than the age of the persons, and
sometimes also bishops; for it is most mani-
fest that both terms are promiscuously used
in the New Testament of one and the same
class of persons." " In these primitive times,
each Christian church was composed of the
people, the presiding officers, and the assist-
ants, or deacons. These must be the com-
ponents of every society." EccL Hist.,
Cent. 1, p. 2; Ch., 2, Sees. 6, 8.
Gieseler asserts: "The new churches
everywhere formed themselves on the model
of the mother church at Jerusalem. At the
head of each were the elders {presbyter,
bishop), all officially of equal rank, though
in several instances a peculiar authority
seems to have been conceded to some one
individual from personal considerations."
Ch. Hut., Part 1, Div. 1, Ch. 2, Sec. 29.
Waddington declares : " It is also true
that in the earliest government of the first
Christian society, — that of Jerusalem, — not
the elders only, but the 'whole church/
were associated with the apostles ; and it is
even certain that the terms bishop and elder,
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 151
or presbyter , were in the first instance and
for a short period, sometime used synony-
mously, and indiscriminately applied to the
same order in the ministry." Hist. Christ,
Church, Ch. <2, Sec. 2.
Archbishop Usher says that " bishop
and presbyter differed only in degree, and
not in order." See Cole. Ano. Christ
Ezemp., Ch. 8, Sec. 6.
Bishop Burnett says: "As for the
notion of distinct offices of bishop and pres-
byter, I confess it is not so clear to me."
Vindie. Ch. of Sects, p. 366.
Dr. Coleman says : " It is generally ad-
mitted by Episcopal writers on this subject,
that in the New Testament, and in the
earliest ecclesiastical writings, the terms
bishops and presbyters, or elders, are synony-
mous, and denote one and the same office."
"The office of presbyter was undeniably
identical with that of bishop, as has been
shown above." " Only two orders of officers
are known in the church until the close of
the second century. Those of the first are
ityled either bishops or presbyters ; of the
second, deacons." Ano. Christ. Ezemp., Ch.
8, Sec. 6; Ch. 6, Sec. 5.
This author cites many of the early Chris-
152 8TANDAKD MANUAL
tian Fathers who bore the same testimony,
among whom are Clement of Rome, Poly-
carp, Justin Martyr, Iren®us, Jerome,
Chrysostom, Theodoret, and others. Many
prelatical writers, besides these above quoted,
frankly admit the same facts.
The Apostle Paul, it is stated (Acts 20 :
17, 18), called together the elders (presby-
ters) of the Ephesian Church. But in verse
28 he calls these officers overseers (episco-
pous). Here the terms presbuteros and episco-
pos were certainly used interchangeably.
Paul and Timothy, in their address to
the Philippian Christians, specify three
classes as evidently constituting the entire
body of disciples. They say : " To all the
saints in Christ Jesus, which are at Philippi,
with the bishops and deacons." Saints,
bishops, and deacons embraced the whole
church.
Timothy was instructed by Paul as to
the qualifications of pastors to be placed
over the churched. (1 Tim. 3:1.) Par-
ticular directions are given as to both bishops
and deacons, but no mention is made of
elders — clearly because they were the same
as bishops.
Titus is likewise enjoined to secure pa#-
FOB BAPTIST CHURCHES. 168
tors for the church in Crete. (Titus 1 : 6, 7.)
These pastors are called elders in verse 6
and bishops in verse 7.
Pastors and deacons, therefore, are two
orders, and these officers simply were known
or needed in the apostolic churches. In
this, also, the views held by Baptists are in
harmony with the customs of the churches
in the first and purest age of Christian his-
tory.
154 STANDARD MANUAL
CHAPTER XV.
BAPTIST HISTORY.
It is sometimes asked : " When and
where did the Baptists originate? Who
were their founders? What is their his-
tory?" These are questions of interest;
but a more important one would be : " Are
they right ? Is their faith according to the
teachings of the New Testament ? n Many
things which are old are not true. Creeds
and sects may boast a venerable antiquity,
while the word of God utterly condemns
them. Any organization that cannot rea-
sonably claim Christ for its founder has
small right to the name of a Christian
church, no matter how old it may be.
Baptists claim to be built on the founda-
tion of the apostles and prophets, Jesus
Christ himself being the chief Corner Stone.
If this claim be well founded, whether they
have a written history of one century or of
twenty, matters little. Yet whatever of the
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 155
past belongs to any, it may be well to know.
And Baptist history constitutes one of the
most interesting chapters in the records of
Christianity.
During the apostolic age even, the doc-
trines of the gospel became corrupted, and
its ordinances soon after. Both Jewish and
Gentile converts brought into the churches
many of their old religious notions, and
incorporated them with the faith of Christ.
These, together with the many philosophical
ideas of the times and the perversions to
which the truth is always exposed from the
ignorance and selfishness of men, very early
turned the churches aside from the faith
once delivered to the saints. Still there
were many who in simplicity and humility
maintained the doctrines and customs in
their original purity. Those churches which
were strongest and most prosperous were
most exposed to corruption by alliances with
the world.
When at length the period of martyrdom
and persecution terminated ; when a nom-
inal Christianity took possession of a throne,
and Church and State became united, then
religion, in its prevailing forms, lost its sim-
plicity, its spirituality, and its power, and a
156 STANDARD MANUAL
temporal hierarchy took the place of the
church of Christ. This was the great apos-
tasy of the early times. But all the churches
and all disciples did not follow in the wake
of this sad departure from the truth. Many
congregations and communities of true wor-
shipers kept the doctrines of the gospel, and
practiced its ordinances, nearly, or quite, in
their primitive purity. And this they con-
tinued to do through all the ages of dark-
ness and corruption which followed. They
were never identified with the Roman or
Greek churches ; they never were in alliance
with States ; never formed hierarchies. As
independent congregations, or small commu-
nities, with no other bond of union than a
common faith, fellowship, and sympathy,
often obscure and unobtrusive, taking the
word of God as their guide, they sought to
realize the idea, not of a temporal, but a
spiritual kingdom in the gospel dispensa-
tion.
These religious communities were by the
dominant hierarchies called secto, and stig-
matized as heretic*. As such they were
traduced and persecuted continuallv And
though they may have had their errors
they were the best and purest defenders o*
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 157
the Christian faith, and the truest representa-
tives of the first disciples of Christ then
existing. The State churches were the
heretics ; while those so-called sects were the
true successors of the first Christians.
They were defamed and oppressed. Ca-
lumniated and martyred because they bore
witness to the truth of God and testified
against the errors and vices of the so-called
churches. History has never done them
justice, and perhaps never will; because
history has been too much written in the
interest of their enemies, or from their
standpoint. Tortured and tormented by
those who should have been their defenders,
crowns and mitres alike pledged to their
destruction, they could do nothing but
suffer. And this they nobly did as Christ's
faithful witnesses. They were known by
various names in different ages and in dif-
ferent lands, but retained the same general
characteristics.
In the first and second centuries, Messa-
lians, Montanists, Euchites, were terms
which distinguished some of these sects.
In the third, fourth and fifth centuries
arose the Novatians. Increasing with ex-
ceeding rapidity, they quite overspread the
14
168 STANDARD MANUAL
Roman empire, in spite of the cruel and
destructive persecutions which they suffered.
In the fourth century the Donatists ap-
peared, as a new form of existing sects, or
a new phase of the old faith. They multi-
plied rapidly, spread extensively, and long
survived.
In the seventh century appeared the Pauli-
eians, attracting much attention, and calling
down upon themselves the wrath of the
Romish Church. Still they increased
greatly, notwithstanding their many perse-
cutions.
That these Christian communities should
have been faultless could not be supposed.
But they were the best of the ages in which
they lived, and maintained the purest forms
of gospel truth and practice. Without the
advantage of organization and association,
they differed somewhat among themselves.
But in general they all professed to take
the New Testament as the rule of their
faith and practice. They held to a spiritual
church membership, and received only pro-
fessedly regenerated persons to the ordi-
nances. Denying the orthodoxy of the
Romish Church, they re-baptized persons
received from that body, and hence were
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES, 1&9
called Anabaptist*. Infant baptism they
rejected, according to Allix, Mosheim, Rob-
inson, and other historians. Baptism they
administered by immersion, as indeed did
all Christians during those ages. Robinson
calls them "Trinitarian Baptists." It is
said that the Empress Theodora, aftei
having confiscated their property, caused to
be cruelly put to death no less than one
hundred thousand Pauiicians, for no other
feult or offense than their religious faith.
About the close of the tenth century ap-
peared the Paterines; substantially the
same people, no doubt, as had previously
existed under other names. They too re-
jected infant baptism, and protested against
the corruptions of the Romish Church ; in
consequence of which they suffered long
and severe persecutions.
In the eleventh century, and the ages fol-
lowing, were the Waldenses, Albigenses,
Yaudois, Cathari, and Poor Men of Lyons
These were new names, and names usually
given by their enemies. They increased.
even under their persecutions, to a won-
derful extent, and attracted the notice if not
the sympathy, of all Europe.
It is not pretended that these ancient
160 8TJLXDARD MA2TOJLL
sects were known by name as Baptists ; bat
in general they held the more prominent
and distinctive principles which have always
characterized the Baptists ; thus : 1 . They
declared and defended the rights of faith
and conscience and the freedom of worship.
2. They denied the authority of popes and
the right of kings and States to interfere with
the people in matters of religion. 3. They
rejected infant baptism. 4. They baptized
by dipping. 5. They held the Bible to be
the only rale and authority in concerns of
religious faith and practice. 6. They ad-
mitted none to the churches except sach as
professed to be regenerated and godly per-
sons.
Now it is conceded by all historians of
note that such churches and communities
did exist, separate from and persecuted by,
the prevailing State churches and civil
authorities during all the ages from the
Apostles to the Reformation.
When the Reformation under Luther and
bis coadjntors broke out, these sects to a
£reat extent fraternized with, and were lost
in the multitude of the reformers. 8uch as
continued their separate existence, as the
Waldenses of Piedjnont, yielding to the in-
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 161
flue nee of the reformers, did from sympathy
what the persecutions of the Papist* had
never been able to compel them to do —
abandon dipping for sprinkling in baptism,
adopted infant baptism, and took the gen-
eral forms of religious life, into which P«-
-lobaptist Protestantism grew.
THE WELSH BAPTISTS.
Few denominations have a better claim
to antiquity than the Welsh Baptists. They
trace their descent directly from the Apostles,
and urge in favor of their claim arguments
which have never been confuted.
When Austin, the Romish monk and
missionary, visited Wales, at the close of
the sixth century, he found a community of
more than two thousand Christians, quietly
living in their mountain homes. They
were independent of the Romish See, and
wholly rejected its authority. Austin
labored hard to convert them — that is, to
bring them under the Papal yoke ; but en-
tirely failed in the effort. Yielding things
in general, he reduced his demand upon
them to three particulars. 1. That they
should observe Easter in due form, as or-
dered by the church. 2. That they should
162 8TAKDABD manual
give Christendom, or baptism, to their chil-
dren. 3. That they should preach to the
English the word of God, as directed. 1
These demands of Austin prove that they
neither observed the Popish ordinance of
Easter, nor baptized their children. The)
however rejected all his overtures, where-
upon he left them with threats of war and
wretchedness. Not long after, Wales was
invaded by the Saxons, and many of these
inoffensive Christians cruelly murdered, as
was believed, at the instigation of this
bigoted zealot, the exacting Austin.
THE PUTCH BAPTISTS.
The Baptists of Holland have a history
that reaches back to a very remote period,
if not to the apostolic age, as some con-
fidently assert. And this antiquity is con-
ceded by historians who have no sympathy
with their denominational sentiments.
Mosheim, in his church history, says;
"The true origin of that sect which
acquired the name Anabaptist is hid in tht
remote depths of antiquity, and is conse-
quently extremely difficult to be ascer-
igee Benedicts Hist. Bap., p. 343, and authorities
there cited.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 16$
tained." Eod. Hist. Vol IV., p. &7.
Mac. Ed., 1811. See Introd. Orchard**
Hist. Bap., p. 17.
Zwingle, the Swiss reformer, contempo-
rary with Luther, declares : " The institu-
of Anabaptism is no novelty, bnt for
thirteen hxmdred years has caused great dis-
turbance in the church." Introd, Orchard?&
Hist. Bap., p. 17. Thirteen hundred years
before his time would have carried it back
to within two centuries of the death of
Christ.
Dr. Dermont, chaplain to the king of
Holland, and Dr. Ypeij, professor of
theology at Groningen, a few years since
received a royal commission to prepare a
history of the Reformed Dutch Church.
That history, prepared under royal sanction,
and officially published, contains the follow-
ing manly and generous testimony to the
antiquity and orthodoxy of the Dutch Bap-
tists. " We have now seen that the Baptists,
who were formerly called Anabaptists, and
in later times Mennonites, were the original
Waldenses, and have long in the history of
the church received the honor of that origin.
On this account, the Baptists may be consid-
ered the only Christian community which has
1$4 STANDARD MANUAL
stood since the apostles, and as a Christian
society, which has preserved pure the doctrines
of the gospel through all agesP Hist. Bef.
Dutch Ch., Ed. Breda, 1819. See Ency.
Relig. Knowledge, Art. Ifennonites.
Mosheim says of the persecutions o/ this
people in the sixteenth century : " Vast
numbers of .these people, in nearly all the
countries of Europe, would rather perish
miserably by drowning, hanging, burning,
or decapitation, than renounce the opin-
ions they had embraced." And their
innocency he vindicates thus : " It is
indeed true that many Anabaptists were
put to death, not as being bad citizens,
or injurious members of civil society,
but as being incurable heretics, who were
condemned by the old canon laws, For
the error of adult baptism was in that
age looked upon as a horrible offence."
That was their only crime. Eccl. Hist,
Cent. 16, Sec. S, part 0, Ch. III. Fallens
Ch But., B. i.
This testimony is all the more welcome,
because it comes from those who have no
ecclesiastical sympathies with Baptists, but
who, in fidelity to history, bear honest testi-
uony to the truth which history teaches.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES. 166
The circumstances under which theii evi-
dence was produced give it additional
force.
Cardinal Hossius, chairman of the
oouncil at Trent, says : " If the truth of
religion were to be judged of by the readi-
ness and cheerfulness which a man of any
sect shows in suffering, then the opinions
and persuasions of no sect can be truer or
surer, than those of the Anabaptists; since
there have been none, for these twelve hun-
dred years past, that have been more griev-
ously punished." Orchard's Hist. Bap.,
Sec. 12, part SO, p. 364.
Many thousands of the Dutch Baptists,
called Anabaptists, and Mennonists, miser-
ably perished by the hands of their cruel
persecutors, for no crime but their refusal
to conform to established churches^ 1
THE ENGLISH BAPTISTS.
At what time the Baptists appeared in
England in definite denominational form, it
is impossible to say. But from the twelfth
to the seventeenth century, many of them
'Benedict's Hist. Baptists, Ch. IV. NeaTs Hist
Puritans. Vol. II., p. 855. Supplement Fuller's Cfc
Hist., B. 4.
166 STANDARD MANUAL
suffered cruel persecutions, and death by
burning, drowning, and beheading, besides
many other, and sometimes most inhuman
tortures. And this they suffered both from
Papists and Protestants, condemned by both
civil and ecclesiastical tribunals, only because
they persisted in worshiping God according
to the dictates of their consciences, and be-
cause they would not submit their religious
faith and worship to the dictates of popes
and princes. 1 In 1538, royal edicts were
issued against them, and several were burnt
at the stake in Smithfield.
Brajstde writes that : " In the year 1538,
thirty-one Baptists, that fled from England,
were put to death at Delft, in Holland ; the
men were beheaded, and the women were
drowned. " Hkt. Reformers. See Bene-
dict } s Hut Bap., p. SOS. NeaVs Hist. Puri-
tans, Vol. I, p. 138. Note, Vol. II., p. S65,
8up. What crime had they committed to
merit such treatment as this ?
Bishop Latimer declares that: "The
Baptists that were burnt in different parts
of the kingdom went to death intrepidly, and
without any fear, during the time of Henry
1 See Histories of Baptists, by Crosby, Irimey, D*n-
▼ore, and Benedict.
FOR BAPTIST CHUBCHE8. 167
VIII." Lent Sermons. NeaF 8 Hut Purity
Vol II, p. 366.
Under the rule of the Popish Mary, they
suffered perhaps no more than under that of
the Protestant Elizabeth. During the reign
of the latter a congregation of Baptists was
discovered in London, whereupon several
were banished, twenty-seven imprisoned,
and two burnt at Smithfield. 1
Dr. Featley, one of their bitter ene-
mies, wrote of them, in 1 633 : " This sect,
among others, hath so far presumed upon
the patience of the State, that it hath held
weekly conventicles, rebaptizing hundreds
of men and women together in the twilight,
in rivulets, and in some arms of the Thames,
and elsewhere, dipping them all over head
and ears. It hath printed divers pamphlets
in defence of their heresy ; yea, and chal-
lenged some of our preachers to disputation."
Eng. Bapt. Jubilee Memor., Benedict* Hist
Bapt.,p.30^.
Bailey wrote, in 1639, that: "Under
the shadow of independency they have lifted
up their heads, and increased their numbers
above all sects in the land. They have
xWall, cited by Neal, Hist. Puiltar*, Vol. L, p.
187. Vol. II., p. 358, Supplement.
168 STANDARD MANUAL
forty-six churches in and about Ijondon.
They are a people very fond of religious
liberty, and very unwilling to be brought
under bondage of the judgment of others."
Benedicts History, p. 804.
The first book published in the English
language on the subject of baptism was
translated from the Dutch, and bears date
1618. From this time they multiplied
rapidly through all parts of the kingdom.
The first regularly organized church among
them, known as such in England, dates
from 1607, and was formed in London by
& Mr. Smyth, previously a clergyman of
the established church.
In 1689, the Particular Baptists, so called,
held a convention in London, in which more
than one hundred congregations were repre-
sented, and which issued a confession of
faith, still in use and highly esteemed.
The last Baptist martyr in England was
Edward Wightman, of Burton upon Trent,
condemned by the Bishop of Coventry, and
burnt at Litchfield, April 11, 1612. 1
AMERICAN BAPTISTS.
The history of American Baptists runs
1 Sng. Bap. Jubilee Memor., Benedict's Hlat. Bap.
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES, 169
back a little more than two and a quarter
centuries. In this country, as elsewhere,
they were cradled amidst persecution, and
nurtured by the hatred of their foes. This
has been their fortune in every age, and in
every land.
Rogeb Williams, a distinguished and
an honored name, was identified with the
rise of the denomination in America. He
has been called their founder, because he or-
ganized the first church, and was intimately
connected with their early history. Wil-
liams was born in Wales, 1598, educated at
Oxford, England, came to America in 1630,
and settled as minister of the Puritan church
in Salem, Massachusetts. Not long after he
adopted Baptist views of doctrine and church
order, on account of which he was banished
by his fellow Puritans, and driven out of
Massachusetts, in the depths of a rigorous
winter, in a new and inhospitable countrv.
Having wandered far and suffered much,
finding the savage Indians more generous
and hospitable than his fellow Christians,
he finally reached and fixed his future home
at what is now Providence, R. I. Here,
with a few associates of like faith, he founded
a new colony, calling both the city and the
16
170 STANDARD MANUAL
colony Providence, in recognition of the
divine guidance and protection, which he
had in so remarkable a manner experienced.
In 1639, Mr. Williams received baptism
from one of his associates, there being no
minister to perform that service. He in
torn baptized his associates, and a church
was organized, of which he was chosen
pastor. He was also appointed first Gov-
ernor of Rhode Island. Full liberty was
granted in matters of religion. Thus Roger
Williams became the first ruler, and Rhode
Island the first State which ever gave entire
freedom to all persons to worship God,
according to their own choice, without dic-
tation or interference from civil or ecclesi-
astical authorities.
On account of this unrestricted liberty
many Baptists, as well as other persecuted
religionists from other colonies, and from
Europe, collected in considerable numbers
at Providence, and spread through the
colony.
It is a mistake to suppose that all the
Baptist churches in America grew out of the
one which Roger Williams founded, It is
even doubtful whether any single church
arose as an outgrowth of that As immi
FOE BAPTIST CHURCHES. 171
Eatioa increased, other churches grew up,
ving no connection with that ; and with
considerable rapidity the sentiments of Bap-
tists spread into adjoining colonies, particu-
larly west and south. For a long time,
bowever, they were sorely persecuted, espe-
cially in Massachusetts and Connecticut
Persecuted even by those who had them-
selves fled from persecution in their native
land, to find freedom and refuge in these
distant wilds.
In 1644, the present First Church in
Newport, R. I., was organized. But
whether the present First Church in Provi-
dence was constituted before this date is
still a disputed point. Both claim priority.
In 1656, the Second Church, Newport, was
formed. Then followed in order of time,
the church in Swansea, Massachusetts,
1663; First, Boston, 1665; North King-
stone, It. I., 1666 ; Seventh Day Church,
Newport, 1671 ; South Kingstone, R. I.,
1680; Kittery, Me., 1682; Middletown,
N. J., 1688 ; Lower Dublin, Pa., 1689 ;
Charleston, S. C, 1690 ; Philadelphia, Pa.,
1698 ; Welsh Tract, Del . 1701 ; proton,
Ct., 1705. Others, not mentioned, arose
within this period in these and other Colo-
172 8TANDJLRD MAKT7AL
nies. With the increase of population,
Baptists rapidly increased and widely spread
over the country.
Edward?* Tables gives the number of
American Baptist Churches in 1768, as
only 137.
Asplund's Register for 1790, reported
872 churches, 722 ordained ministers, with
64,975 members.
Benedict's History states that in 1812,
there were 2,633 churches, 2,143 ordained
ministers, and 204,185 members.
Allen's Register for 1836, puts them at
7,299 churches, 4,075 ordained ministers,
and 517,523 members.
The Baptist Year Book gives the follow-
ing figures :
Dste. Churchea. . Miniitan. Mciaben.
1840 7,771 6,208 571,291
1860 12,279 7,773 1,016,134
1880 26,080 16,569 2,296,327
1890 33,588 21,175 3,070,047
The Year Book gives the Sunday-school
statistics for 1890, as follows: For United
States — Schools, 17,696 ; officers and teach-
ers, 132,186 j pupils, 1,211,698.
It must be borne in mind that the figures
given in all these cases are less than the
FOR BAPTIST CHUBCHES. 173
actual facts would warrant, since full report*
from associations, churches, and schools can
never be obtained.
OTHEK BAPTISTS.
Besides the regular Baptist brotherhood,
there are in the United States more than a
milium of other and smaller denominations,
which practice immersion, but are not in
fellowship with, nor reckoned as a part of
the great Baptist family.
The Seventh Day Baptists, so-called on
account of their observing Saturday, or the
seventh day of the week, as their Sabbath,
on the ground that the Jewish Sabbath was
never abrogated. They are estimated at
about 9,000.
The Free Will Baptists, who take their
name from their views of the freedom of
the human will. They practice open com-
munion. Their number is about 114,700.
The Six Principle Baptists, thus desig-
nated because their doctrinal confession is
based on the six points mentioned in Heb.
6 : 1, 2. Estimated at 1,450.
The Anti-Mission Baptists, called also
Old Baptists, and Ironsides ; found chiefly
in the southwest. They do not favor mis-
174 STANDARD MANUAL.
nous, Sunday-schools, or other religions or
moral reform movements) lest they should
seem to interfere with the divine decree*.
They are Antinomian in doctrine, and are
said to number 45,000.
The Campbellites, Disciples, Reformers,
or Christians, as they are variously called,
estimated at 850,000.
The Winebrennorians, or Church of God
Estimated at about 30,000.
The Tunkers, or Dunkards, at 100,000 ;
and the United Brethren at 200,000.
BAPTISTS ELSEWHERE.
In North America, aside from the
United States, but including Canada, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Jamaica, and
Cuba, about 140,000.
In Europe, including England, Scotland,
Wales, Germany, and Sweden, about
405,000.
In Asia, including Burmah, and India,
About 76,000.
In Australia, about 15,000.
In Africa, about 3,000.
THE EEB.
Date Due
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